CSET- SPANISH SUBTEST 1
1.Linguistic: The scientific study of the language, how it is put together
and how it functions. It looks at the interplay of sound (phonetic) and
meaning (semantics and pragmatics).
2.Phonetics: The Study of human speech sounds
3.Grammar: Influenced by both sound and meaning (Morphology,
syntax, and phonology).
4.Pragmatics: The Study of the use of language in context... deals
with how listeners arrive at intended meaning of speaking.
5.Phonology: The Branch of linguistics which studies how sounds are
organized, and used in natural language.
Ex: time [t] & dime [d] Identical words, except beginning sounds.
6.Allophone: Phones which are phonetically similar but not the same and
which are treated as the same in linguistic communication; or the sound
which are phonetically different but do not make one word different
from another in meaning.
Ex: pat, spin, cup
These are sounds that are perceptibly different but do not distinguish
words. P^h - Pat (aspirated)
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,P- Spin (not aspirated)
P^o- Cup (your lips remain closed; /p/ is unreleased)
7.Allophone: Is a set of multiple spoken sounds (or phones) used to
pronounce a single phoneme. For example, [p^h] (as in pin) and [p]
(as in spin) are multiple
spoken sounds for the phoneme /p/ in the English language. Although a
phoneme's variation of spoken sounds are all alternative pronunciations
for a phoneme, the specific alternative sound selected in a given
situation is often predictable. Changing the alternative sounds used by
native speakers for a given phoneme in a specific context usually will
not change the meaning of a word but the results may sound non-
native or unintelligible. Native speakers of a given language usually
perceive one phoneme in their language as a single distinctive sound in
that language and are "both unaware of and even shocked by "all the
different variations used to pronounce single phonemes.
8.Morphology: The study of the structure of the words and how words are
formed.
9.Morphemes: Minimal units of words that have a meaning and cannot
be subdi- vided any further. There are two types.
10.Bound Morphemes: The smallest unit that has meaning but cannot
stand alone. (A morpheme that must be attached to another morpheme
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, and cannot stand alone.) Affix are often this type of morpheme. It also
includes prefixes (added to the beginning of another morpheme),
suffices (added to the end), infixes (inserted into other morphemes),
and circumfixes (attached to another morpheme at the
beginning and end)
Ex: o, as, a, amos, an (the ending of any grammatical change in a verb.
11.Free Morphemes: The smallest unit that has meaning and can stand
alone. (or A morphene that does not need to be attached to another
morpheme and can stand alone)
1) open class/ lexical/content
-verb, noun, adjective, and adverb.
2) closed
class/function/grammatical Ex.
el, las, los, nos,vos
- Conjuctions, prepositons, articles, and pronouns
12.Derivational: These are added to morphemes to form entirely new
words that may or may not be the same part of speech.
Ex.: Cloud, cloudy, happiness, greenish, establishment)
13.Inflectional: These are added to the end of an existing word for purely
grammat- ical reasons, there are 8 in English. They do not alter the
syntactic behavior of the word.
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1.Linguistic: The scientific study of the language, how it is put together
and how it functions. It looks at the interplay of sound (phonetic) and
meaning (semantics and pragmatics).
2.Phonetics: The Study of human speech sounds
3.Grammar: Influenced by both sound and meaning (Morphology,
syntax, and phonology).
4.Pragmatics: The Study of the use of language in context... deals
with how listeners arrive at intended meaning of speaking.
5.Phonology: The Branch of linguistics which studies how sounds are
organized, and used in natural language.
Ex: time [t] & dime [d] Identical words, except beginning sounds.
6.Allophone: Phones which are phonetically similar but not the same and
which are treated as the same in linguistic communication; or the sound
which are phonetically different but do not make one word different
from another in meaning.
Ex: pat, spin, cup
These are sounds that are perceptibly different but do not distinguish
words. P^h - Pat (aspirated)
1/
19
,P- Spin (not aspirated)
P^o- Cup (your lips remain closed; /p/ is unreleased)
7.Allophone: Is a set of multiple spoken sounds (or phones) used to
pronounce a single phoneme. For example, [p^h] (as in pin) and [p]
(as in spin) are multiple
spoken sounds for the phoneme /p/ in the English language. Although a
phoneme's variation of spoken sounds are all alternative pronunciations
for a phoneme, the specific alternative sound selected in a given
situation is often predictable. Changing the alternative sounds used by
native speakers for a given phoneme in a specific context usually will
not change the meaning of a word but the results may sound non-
native or unintelligible. Native speakers of a given language usually
perceive one phoneme in their language as a single distinctive sound in
that language and are "both unaware of and even shocked by "all the
different variations used to pronounce single phonemes.
8.Morphology: The study of the structure of the words and how words are
formed.
9.Morphemes: Minimal units of words that have a meaning and cannot
be subdi- vided any further. There are two types.
10.Bound Morphemes: The smallest unit that has meaning but cannot
stand alone. (A morpheme that must be attached to another morpheme
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19
, and cannot stand alone.) Affix are often this type of morpheme. It also
includes prefixes (added to the beginning of another morpheme),
suffices (added to the end), infixes (inserted into other morphemes),
and circumfixes (attached to another morpheme at the
beginning and end)
Ex: o, as, a, amos, an (the ending of any grammatical change in a verb.
11.Free Morphemes: The smallest unit that has meaning and can stand
alone. (or A morphene that does not need to be attached to another
morpheme and can stand alone)
1) open class/ lexical/content
-verb, noun, adjective, and adverb.
2) closed
class/function/grammatical Ex.
el, las, los, nos,vos
- Conjuctions, prepositons, articles, and pronouns
12.Derivational: These are added to morphemes to form entirely new
words that may or may not be the same part of speech.
Ex.: Cloud, cloudy, happiness, greenish, establishment)
13.Inflectional: These are added to the end of an existing word for purely
grammat- ical reasons, there are 8 in English. They do not alter the
syntactic behavior of the word.
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