CORRECT WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
Mast cells - ANSWER involved in allergic responses in tissue
Eosinophils - ANSWER Stain red
Fight parasitic worm infections
Basophils - ANSWER stain with basic dyes (blue); controlling immune responses to
parasites
Involved in allergic responses in blood
Megakaryocyte - ANSWER a bone marrow cell responsible for the production of blood
platelets when its cytoplasm becomes fragmented
Erythrocytes - ANSWER Oxygen carrying cell (RBC)
Antibodies (Abs) - ANSWER immunoglobulins;
- part of humoral immunity
MALT - ANSWER defends mucosal surfaces lining of digestive, respiratory and
urogenital tracts
1
,GALT - ANSWER includes tonsils, adenoids, appendix and Peyer's patches that line the
gut
BALT - ANSWER bronchial-associated lymphoid tissues
CR3 and CR4 recognize - ANSWER ic3b
LPS
Factor P - ANSWER binds to C3 convertase on microbial surfaces and protects it from
inhibition by factor H
Antimicrobial peptides - ANSWER defensins, two types : alpha and beta; secreted by
epithelial cells - penetrates the microbial membrane and disrupts it
C-reactive Protein (CRP) - ANSWER pentamer of identical subunits, binds to
phosphorycholine component of LPS; binds with c1q
Toll-like receptors (tlrs) - ANSWER receptors or sensors for pathogen components that
signal macrophage to make and secrete cytokines
TLR-4 - ANSWER senses ligand LPS; expressed on macrophages; sends signal to the
nucleus of the macrophage to secrete inflammatory cytokines as well as cytokines that
activate innate immune response
IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha - ANSWER induces blood vessels to become more permeable,
> effector cells and fluid containing soluble effector molecules enter infected tissue
IL-6 - ANSWER induces fat and muscle cells to metabolize
2
,Make heat
Raise the temperature in the infected tissue
IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha - ANSWER pyrogens, inflammatory cytokines
CXCL8 - ANSWER = IL-8; recruits neutrophils from the blood and guides them to the
infected tissue
IL-12 - ANSWER recruits and activates NK cells that in turn secrete cytokines that
strengthen the macrophages response to infection
NOD-Like receptors - ANSWER cytoplasmic receptors for recognition of pathogens
NOD-1 - ANSWER recognizes a degradation product of gram (-) peptidoglycan
NOD-2 - ANSWER recognizes a degradation product of most bacteria- murmyl
dipeptide
Leukocyte adhesion molecules - ANSWER 1. L-selectins- carbohydrate -binding lectins
- Ligand = glycam-1, CD34, madcam-1
2. Vascular addressins (CD34) - contain carbohydrate groups which selectins bind
- Ligand = L-selectin
3. Integrins (LFA-1, CD11a/CD18)- bind to Ig superfamily proteins
- Ligand = icams
4. Immunoglobulin superfamily (CD2/LFA-2) - ICAM-1
- Ligand = LFA-3
3
, Extravasation - ANSWER allow the neutrophils to exit the blood near the site of
infection (rolling adhesion> tight binding> diapedesis > migration)
Respiratory burst - ANSWER transient increase in oxygen consumption= purpose is to
raise the ph of the phagosome so the granule contents can become active to kill pathogen
Netosis - ANSWER a way neutrophils die that leads to capture and destruction of the
pathogen
Acute phase proteins - ANSWER produced in response to inflammatory cytokines;
produced by hepatocytes in liver
MASP - ANSWER MBL-associated serine protease
- MASP-1 and MASP-2
- MASP-2 (serine protease)
- cleaves C4 and C2
- initiates complement activation
Type I interferon - ANSWER - interferes with viral replication by infected cells
- alert immune system cells that infection is present
- make virus-infected cells more vulnerable to killer lymphocyte attack
Affinity - ANSWER the tightness of binding of an antibody binding site to an antigen
- antibodies produced by a memory response have a higher affinity than those in a primary
response
Avidity - ANSWER the firmness of association between a multi determinant antigen
and the antibodies produced against it
4
Mast cells - ANSWER involved in allergic responses in tissue
Eosinophils - ANSWER Stain red
Fight parasitic worm infections
Basophils - ANSWER stain with basic dyes (blue); controlling immune responses to
parasites
Involved in allergic responses in blood
Megakaryocyte - ANSWER a bone marrow cell responsible for the production of blood
platelets when its cytoplasm becomes fragmented
Erythrocytes - ANSWER Oxygen carrying cell (RBC)
Antibodies (Abs) - ANSWER immunoglobulins;
- part of humoral immunity
MALT - ANSWER defends mucosal surfaces lining of digestive, respiratory and
urogenital tracts
1
,GALT - ANSWER includes tonsils, adenoids, appendix and Peyer's patches that line the
gut
BALT - ANSWER bronchial-associated lymphoid tissues
CR3 and CR4 recognize - ANSWER ic3b
LPS
Factor P - ANSWER binds to C3 convertase on microbial surfaces and protects it from
inhibition by factor H
Antimicrobial peptides - ANSWER defensins, two types : alpha and beta; secreted by
epithelial cells - penetrates the microbial membrane and disrupts it
C-reactive Protein (CRP) - ANSWER pentamer of identical subunits, binds to
phosphorycholine component of LPS; binds with c1q
Toll-like receptors (tlrs) - ANSWER receptors or sensors for pathogen components that
signal macrophage to make and secrete cytokines
TLR-4 - ANSWER senses ligand LPS; expressed on macrophages; sends signal to the
nucleus of the macrophage to secrete inflammatory cytokines as well as cytokines that
activate innate immune response
IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha - ANSWER induces blood vessels to become more permeable,
> effector cells and fluid containing soluble effector molecules enter infected tissue
IL-6 - ANSWER induces fat and muscle cells to metabolize
2
,Make heat
Raise the temperature in the infected tissue
IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha - ANSWER pyrogens, inflammatory cytokines
CXCL8 - ANSWER = IL-8; recruits neutrophils from the blood and guides them to the
infected tissue
IL-12 - ANSWER recruits and activates NK cells that in turn secrete cytokines that
strengthen the macrophages response to infection
NOD-Like receptors - ANSWER cytoplasmic receptors for recognition of pathogens
NOD-1 - ANSWER recognizes a degradation product of gram (-) peptidoglycan
NOD-2 - ANSWER recognizes a degradation product of most bacteria- murmyl
dipeptide
Leukocyte adhesion molecules - ANSWER 1. L-selectins- carbohydrate -binding lectins
- Ligand = glycam-1, CD34, madcam-1
2. Vascular addressins (CD34) - contain carbohydrate groups which selectins bind
- Ligand = L-selectin
3. Integrins (LFA-1, CD11a/CD18)- bind to Ig superfamily proteins
- Ligand = icams
4. Immunoglobulin superfamily (CD2/LFA-2) - ICAM-1
- Ligand = LFA-3
3
, Extravasation - ANSWER allow the neutrophils to exit the blood near the site of
infection (rolling adhesion> tight binding> diapedesis > migration)
Respiratory burst - ANSWER transient increase in oxygen consumption= purpose is to
raise the ph of the phagosome so the granule contents can become active to kill pathogen
Netosis - ANSWER a way neutrophils die that leads to capture and destruction of the
pathogen
Acute phase proteins - ANSWER produced in response to inflammatory cytokines;
produced by hepatocytes in liver
MASP - ANSWER MBL-associated serine protease
- MASP-1 and MASP-2
- MASP-2 (serine protease)
- cleaves C4 and C2
- initiates complement activation
Type I interferon - ANSWER - interferes with viral replication by infected cells
- alert immune system cells that infection is present
- make virus-infected cells more vulnerable to killer lymphocyte attack
Affinity - ANSWER the tightness of binding of an antibody binding site to an antigen
- antibodies produced by a memory response have a higher affinity than those in a primary
response
Avidity - ANSWER the firmness of association between a multi determinant antigen
and the antibodies produced against it
4
