NRSG 357 - Exam 2 Questions and
Answers Graded A+
venous thrombosis - Correct answer-formation of blood clots within a vein,
superficial vein thrombosis and deep vein thrombosis
VTE - Correct answer-venous thromboembolism, very large clot development
within a vein, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
virchow's triad - Correct answer-causes for VTEs
1) venous stasis (dysfunctional valve, immobility, varicose veins, low heart rate)
2) endothelial injury (direct or indirect trauma to vessel, atherosclerosis,
venepuncture, indwelling catheter)
3) hypercoagulable state (surgery, anemia, estrogen therapy, dehydration,
pregnancy, malignancy, inflammation)
DVT s/sx - Correct answer-pain in calves, groin, edema, tenderness, increased
temperature, paresthesia
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,PE - Correct answer-pulmonary embolism, blockage of one or more pulmonary
arteries by thrombus
PE s/sx - Correct answer-dyspnea, low O2 sats, cough, chest pain, tachycardia,
crackles, high anxiety
PE causes - Correct answer-DVT (occurs somewhere else and travels to lung), A-
fib, central lines
DVT/PE labs - Correct answer-CT angiopathy, duplex ultrasound: most common,
gold standards
D-dimer: looks for blood fragments, is not diagnostic
INR: 0.8-1.1 is normal, measures clotting ability
aPTT: 27-47 seconds is normal, activated partial thromboplastin time, measures
time for blood to clot
DVT/PE prevention - Correct answer-compression stockings, early moving and
ambulation, performing ROM in bed, anticoagulants and fibrinolytic therapy
anticoagulants - Correct answer-disrupt coagulation cascade, treats venous
thrombosis, primary treatment, increases risk for bleeding
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, warfarin - Correct answer-anticoagulant, PO, vitamin K antagonist, need to
monitor INR and PT (11-12.5 sec. is normal), keep vitamin K intake low and
consistent, helps with A fib
heparin - Correct answer-anticoagulant, IV or SubQ, indirect thrombin inhibitor,
prescribed in units, monitor PTT or aPTT, protamine sulfate antidote, heparin
induced thromboytopenia is most common side effect
antiplatelets - Correct answer-helps prevent and treat arterial thrombus
aspirin - Correct answer-most common antiplatelet, 81 mg for maintenance, 325
mg for initial event
fibrinolytics - Correct answer-breaks up clots already formed, used with PEs,
alteplase, reteplase, tenecteplase
dyslipidemia - Correct answer-abnormal amounts of lipids in the blood, increases
risk of atherosclerosis, MIs, stroke, hyperlipidemia is most common
athersclerosis - Correct answer-condition in which fatty deposits called plaque
build up on the inner walls of the arteries, caused by dyslipidemia
dyslipidemia/athersclerosis causes - Correct answer-nonmodifiable: older age,
males, native and african americans, family history
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Answers Graded A+
venous thrombosis - Correct answer-formation of blood clots within a vein,
superficial vein thrombosis and deep vein thrombosis
VTE - Correct answer-venous thromboembolism, very large clot development
within a vein, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
virchow's triad - Correct answer-causes for VTEs
1) venous stasis (dysfunctional valve, immobility, varicose veins, low heart rate)
2) endothelial injury (direct or indirect trauma to vessel, atherosclerosis,
venepuncture, indwelling catheter)
3) hypercoagulable state (surgery, anemia, estrogen therapy, dehydration,
pregnancy, malignancy, inflammation)
DVT s/sx - Correct answer-pain in calves, groin, edema, tenderness, increased
temperature, paresthesia
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,PE - Correct answer-pulmonary embolism, blockage of one or more pulmonary
arteries by thrombus
PE s/sx - Correct answer-dyspnea, low O2 sats, cough, chest pain, tachycardia,
crackles, high anxiety
PE causes - Correct answer-DVT (occurs somewhere else and travels to lung), A-
fib, central lines
DVT/PE labs - Correct answer-CT angiopathy, duplex ultrasound: most common,
gold standards
D-dimer: looks for blood fragments, is not diagnostic
INR: 0.8-1.1 is normal, measures clotting ability
aPTT: 27-47 seconds is normal, activated partial thromboplastin time, measures
time for blood to clot
DVT/PE prevention - Correct answer-compression stockings, early moving and
ambulation, performing ROM in bed, anticoagulants and fibrinolytic therapy
anticoagulants - Correct answer-disrupt coagulation cascade, treats venous
thrombosis, primary treatment, increases risk for bleeding
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
, warfarin - Correct answer-anticoagulant, PO, vitamin K antagonist, need to
monitor INR and PT (11-12.5 sec. is normal), keep vitamin K intake low and
consistent, helps with A fib
heparin - Correct answer-anticoagulant, IV or SubQ, indirect thrombin inhibitor,
prescribed in units, monitor PTT or aPTT, protamine sulfate antidote, heparin
induced thromboytopenia is most common side effect
antiplatelets - Correct answer-helps prevent and treat arterial thrombus
aspirin - Correct answer-most common antiplatelet, 81 mg for maintenance, 325
mg for initial event
fibrinolytics - Correct answer-breaks up clots already formed, used with PEs,
alteplase, reteplase, tenecteplase
dyslipidemia - Correct answer-abnormal amounts of lipids in the blood, increases
risk of atherosclerosis, MIs, stroke, hyperlipidemia is most common
athersclerosis - Correct answer-condition in which fatty deposits called plaque
build up on the inner walls of the arteries, caused by dyslipidemia
dyslipidemia/athersclerosis causes - Correct answer-nonmodifiable: older age,
males, native and african americans, family history
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
