Psychology 1000 Exam questions
and answers graded A+
Operant Conditioning - ANS✅✅a learning process in which the consequences of an action
determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future
Law of Effect - ANS✅✅Thorndike's general theory of learning: any behavior that leads to a
"satisfying state of affairs" is likely to occur again, and any behavior that leads to an "annoying state
of affairs" is likely to occur again
Reinforcer - ANS✅✅a stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the
response will be repeated
Shaping - ANS✅✅process consisting of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the
desired behavior
Positive Punishment - ANS✅✅the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a
behavior reoccurring
Negative Punishment - ANS✅✅the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior
reoccurring
Positive Punishment and Negative Punishment - ANS✅✅decrease the likelihood of a behavior
Positive Reinforcement - ANS✅✅the administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of a
behavior --> "reward"
Negative Reinforcement - ANS✅✅the removal of a stimulus to increase the probability of a
behavior being repeated
Positive Reinforcement and Negative Reinforcement - ANS✅✅increases the likelihood of a
behavior
, Observational Learning - ANS✅✅the acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to at
least one performance of that behavior
Vicarious Learning - ANS✅✅learning the consequences of an action by watching others being
rewarded or punished for performing the action
Vicarious Reinforcement - ANS✅✅likelihood of observers behavior is increased if models behavior
is reinforced
Vicarious Punishment - ANS✅✅likelihood of observers behavior is decreased if models behavior is
punished
Media and Violence - ANS✅✅media violence has been found to increase the likelihood of short-
term and long-term aggressive and violent behavior
Social Learning of Fear - ANS✅✅-Mineka monkey studies- monkey's raised in labs do not fear
snakes, but monkeys in the wild do
-If lab monkeys observe wild monkeys, they develop a fear for snakes
Attributions - ANS✅✅people's explanations for why events or actions occur
Personal Attributions - ANS✅✅explanations that refer to people's internal characteristics, such as
abilities, traits, moods, or efforts
Situational Attributions - ANS✅✅explanations that refer to external events, such as the weather,
luck, accidents, or other's actions
Fundamental Attribution - ANS✅✅in explaining other people's behavior, the tendency to over
emphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors
Self- Fulfilling Prophecy - ANS✅✅people's tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own
expectations or other people's expectations
Self- Serving Bias --> Our Failures - ANS✅✅attributed to situational, instance, or uncontrollable
factors in a way that casts us in a positive light
and answers graded A+
Operant Conditioning - ANS✅✅a learning process in which the consequences of an action
determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future
Law of Effect - ANS✅✅Thorndike's general theory of learning: any behavior that leads to a
"satisfying state of affairs" is likely to occur again, and any behavior that leads to an "annoying state
of affairs" is likely to occur again
Reinforcer - ANS✅✅a stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the
response will be repeated
Shaping - ANS✅✅process consisting of reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the
desired behavior
Positive Punishment - ANS✅✅the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a
behavior reoccurring
Negative Punishment - ANS✅✅the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior
reoccurring
Positive Punishment and Negative Punishment - ANS✅✅decrease the likelihood of a behavior
Positive Reinforcement - ANS✅✅the administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of a
behavior --> "reward"
Negative Reinforcement - ANS✅✅the removal of a stimulus to increase the probability of a
behavior being repeated
Positive Reinforcement and Negative Reinforcement - ANS✅✅increases the likelihood of a
behavior
, Observational Learning - ANS✅✅the acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to at
least one performance of that behavior
Vicarious Learning - ANS✅✅learning the consequences of an action by watching others being
rewarded or punished for performing the action
Vicarious Reinforcement - ANS✅✅likelihood of observers behavior is increased if models behavior
is reinforced
Vicarious Punishment - ANS✅✅likelihood of observers behavior is decreased if models behavior is
punished
Media and Violence - ANS✅✅media violence has been found to increase the likelihood of short-
term and long-term aggressive and violent behavior
Social Learning of Fear - ANS✅✅-Mineka monkey studies- monkey's raised in labs do not fear
snakes, but monkeys in the wild do
-If lab monkeys observe wild monkeys, they develop a fear for snakes
Attributions - ANS✅✅people's explanations for why events or actions occur
Personal Attributions - ANS✅✅explanations that refer to people's internal characteristics, such as
abilities, traits, moods, or efforts
Situational Attributions - ANS✅✅explanations that refer to external events, such as the weather,
luck, accidents, or other's actions
Fundamental Attribution - ANS✅✅in explaining other people's behavior, the tendency to over
emphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors
Self- Fulfilling Prophecy - ANS✅✅people's tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own
expectations or other people's expectations
Self- Serving Bias --> Our Failures - ANS✅✅attributed to situational, instance, or uncontrollable
factors in a way that casts us in a positive light
