CJ 2019 – 1st Edition
TEST BANK &
UV
SOLUTIONS
IA
_A
MANUAL
PP
James A. Fagin
RO
VE
Complete Test Bank and Solutions Manual for
Instructors and Students
D?
© James A. Fagin
??
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
??
©Medexcellence ✅��
, Contents
To the Instructor iv
Syllabus (10-week) v
UV
Syllabus (16-week) xii
Chapter 1: Introduction to Criminal Justice 1
Chapter 2: Measuring Crime and Victimization 12
Chapter 3: Crime: The Search for Understanding 24
Chapter 4: Criminal Law: Crimes and Limits of the Law 39
IA
Chapter 5: An Overview of Law Enforcement: History, Agencies, Personnel, 50
and Strategies
Chapter 6: Oversight and Professionalism of Law Enforcement 70
Chapter 7: The Court System 91
_A
Chapter 8: Courtroom Participants and the Trial 99
Chapter 9 Sentencing 114
Chapter 10: Jails and Prisons 131
Chapter 11: Probation and Parole 154
Chapter 12: Corrections in the Community 166
PP
Chapter 13: The Juvenile Justice System 179
Chapter 14: Trending Topics 200
Testbank 218
RO
VE
D?
??
??
ii
, Chapter 1
Introduction to Criminal Justice
UV
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
A government by the people should not infringe upon individual rights. The power of
government to enforce laws must be balanced in conjunction with the need to preserve individual
IA
liberties. The law should not treat individuals differently because of their socioeconomic status,
race, religion, or other social characteristics not related to an alleged offense. Hence, when
government is perceived to violate individual liberties; protests and demonstrations can result.
The balancing of individual rights and public safety is achieved through formal sanctions found
_A
within the criminal justice system. A restriction on government power is referred to as due
process rights.
During the “Amherst Uprising” in the fall of 2015, hundreds of students protested racial injustice
and victimization, claiming Amherst was an institutional legacy of white supremacy. Students
called for “Free Speech, “All Lives Matter”, and “Black Lives Matter”. Where do you draw the
PP
line between First Amendment rights of free speech and expression of ideas? Is society dealing
with a more “entitled” younger generation?
An emphasis on efficient and effective justice is known as the crime-control (public-order)
RO
model. However, government is restricted in the powers it may exercise in maintaining law and
order in society. The constitution guarantees that people have due process rights. Hence, the
emphasis on crime-control (public-order) versus an emphasis on individual rights (due process)
constantly shifts back and forth.
The U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren created many new due process rights
VE
for the accused in the 1960s. When the Court tend to create new due process rights, it is referred
to as a “liberal court. When the Court tends to make decisions that support public safety rather
than due process, it is referred to as a “conservative court”.
One of the best-known guidelines issued by the U.S. Supreme Court came from Miranda v.
D?
Arizona (1966), in which the Court mandated the specific due process rights that law
enforcement must follow in arrest and interrogation of accused persons. Due process rights
protect the accused against abuse of power by police, prosecutors, courts, and corrections at the
expense of swift and sure justice for the victim.
??
There are five stages through which a defendant is processed within the criminal justice system.
These stages include: (1) entry into the system by arrest, (2) prosecution and pretrial services to
determine if evidence is sufficient, (3) adjudication wherein the defendant enters a plea, (4)
sentencing by the judge, if the defendant is found guilty, and (5) corrections, where the defendant
??
can be sentenced to a correctional facility, or given an alternative sanction such as probation.
1
, There are limited options as to how a person is processed into the criminal justice system, but
there are numerous exit options.
A number of significant historical events have prompted change of the criminal justice system.
UV
More specifically, there were five meta-influences that had profound effects in changing various
aspects of governmental operations. These historical events were: (1) the civil rights movement,
(2) Protests and the Vietnam War, (3) the war on crime, (4) the concern over Homeland Security,
and (5) Public Concern Regarding Bias and Discrimination. These events have brought
awareness for the need to censure and transform the policy and procedures of the criminal justice
system.
IA
The study of crime as an academic discipline emerged in the United States in the twentieth
century and was rooted in the academic discipline of sociology. The discipline of criminal justice
emerged in the 1960s and matured in the 1980s. The study of law is a distinctly different
_A
discipline from criminal justice or criminology. An objective of the study of criminal justice may
be to develop theories, but also applied research, or problem-solving research.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
PP
• Explain the concepts of limited government powers and checks and balances.
• Explain the difference between the crime control model and the due process model.
• Describe the five stages of the criminal justice system.
• Describe the five meta-influences upon the criminal justice system and their influence
RO
upon the criminal justice system.
• Explain how the academic field of criminal justice developed and how it differs from
closely related fields such as sociology and law.
LECTURE OUTLINE
VE
• Teaching note – Consider a pre-test during the first class of the semester. It can be
anywhere from 25-50 questions that covers all fourteen chapters, gleaned from the test
bank. You could later give the same exam at the end of the semester to help gage the
progress of the student’s understanding of the material.
D?
Order Maintenance versus Individual Liberties
Society uses several means to balance conflicting rights and social values. In general, these
means can be divided into informal and formal sanctions. Informal sanctions include social
norms that are enforced through the social forces of the family, school, government, and religion.
??
The balancing of rights and public safety can also be achieved through use of formal sanctions
(such as laws) found within the criminal justice system. Frequently, the norms and values
embedded in informal systems are reflected in the formal system of order maintenance.
??
2
TEST BANK &
UV
SOLUTIONS
IA
_A
MANUAL
PP
James A. Fagin
RO
VE
Complete Test Bank and Solutions Manual for
Instructors and Students
D?
© James A. Fagin
??
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
??
©Medexcellence ✅��
, Contents
To the Instructor iv
Syllabus (10-week) v
UV
Syllabus (16-week) xii
Chapter 1: Introduction to Criminal Justice 1
Chapter 2: Measuring Crime and Victimization 12
Chapter 3: Crime: The Search for Understanding 24
Chapter 4: Criminal Law: Crimes and Limits of the Law 39
IA
Chapter 5: An Overview of Law Enforcement: History, Agencies, Personnel, 50
and Strategies
Chapter 6: Oversight and Professionalism of Law Enforcement 70
Chapter 7: The Court System 91
_A
Chapter 8: Courtroom Participants and the Trial 99
Chapter 9 Sentencing 114
Chapter 10: Jails and Prisons 131
Chapter 11: Probation and Parole 154
Chapter 12: Corrections in the Community 166
PP
Chapter 13: The Juvenile Justice System 179
Chapter 14: Trending Topics 200
Testbank 218
RO
VE
D?
??
??
ii
, Chapter 1
Introduction to Criminal Justice
UV
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
A government by the people should not infringe upon individual rights. The power of
government to enforce laws must be balanced in conjunction with the need to preserve individual
IA
liberties. The law should not treat individuals differently because of their socioeconomic status,
race, religion, or other social characteristics not related to an alleged offense. Hence, when
government is perceived to violate individual liberties; protests and demonstrations can result.
The balancing of individual rights and public safety is achieved through formal sanctions found
_A
within the criminal justice system. A restriction on government power is referred to as due
process rights.
During the “Amherst Uprising” in the fall of 2015, hundreds of students protested racial injustice
and victimization, claiming Amherst was an institutional legacy of white supremacy. Students
called for “Free Speech, “All Lives Matter”, and “Black Lives Matter”. Where do you draw the
PP
line between First Amendment rights of free speech and expression of ideas? Is society dealing
with a more “entitled” younger generation?
An emphasis on efficient and effective justice is known as the crime-control (public-order)
RO
model. However, government is restricted in the powers it may exercise in maintaining law and
order in society. The constitution guarantees that people have due process rights. Hence, the
emphasis on crime-control (public-order) versus an emphasis on individual rights (due process)
constantly shifts back and forth.
The U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren created many new due process rights
VE
for the accused in the 1960s. When the Court tend to create new due process rights, it is referred
to as a “liberal court. When the Court tends to make decisions that support public safety rather
than due process, it is referred to as a “conservative court”.
One of the best-known guidelines issued by the U.S. Supreme Court came from Miranda v.
D?
Arizona (1966), in which the Court mandated the specific due process rights that law
enforcement must follow in arrest and interrogation of accused persons. Due process rights
protect the accused against abuse of power by police, prosecutors, courts, and corrections at the
expense of swift and sure justice for the victim.
??
There are five stages through which a defendant is processed within the criminal justice system.
These stages include: (1) entry into the system by arrest, (2) prosecution and pretrial services to
determine if evidence is sufficient, (3) adjudication wherein the defendant enters a plea, (4)
sentencing by the judge, if the defendant is found guilty, and (5) corrections, where the defendant
??
can be sentenced to a correctional facility, or given an alternative sanction such as probation.
1
, There are limited options as to how a person is processed into the criminal justice system, but
there are numerous exit options.
A number of significant historical events have prompted change of the criminal justice system.
UV
More specifically, there were five meta-influences that had profound effects in changing various
aspects of governmental operations. These historical events were: (1) the civil rights movement,
(2) Protests and the Vietnam War, (3) the war on crime, (4) the concern over Homeland Security,
and (5) Public Concern Regarding Bias and Discrimination. These events have brought
awareness for the need to censure and transform the policy and procedures of the criminal justice
system.
IA
The study of crime as an academic discipline emerged in the United States in the twentieth
century and was rooted in the academic discipline of sociology. The discipline of criminal justice
emerged in the 1960s and matured in the 1980s. The study of law is a distinctly different
_A
discipline from criminal justice or criminology. An objective of the study of criminal justice may
be to develop theories, but also applied research, or problem-solving research.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
PP
• Explain the concepts of limited government powers and checks and balances.
• Explain the difference between the crime control model and the due process model.
• Describe the five stages of the criminal justice system.
• Describe the five meta-influences upon the criminal justice system and their influence
RO
upon the criminal justice system.
• Explain how the academic field of criminal justice developed and how it differs from
closely related fields such as sociology and law.
LECTURE OUTLINE
VE
• Teaching note – Consider a pre-test during the first class of the semester. It can be
anywhere from 25-50 questions that covers all fourteen chapters, gleaned from the test
bank. You could later give the same exam at the end of the semester to help gage the
progress of the student’s understanding of the material.
D?
Order Maintenance versus Individual Liberties
Society uses several means to balance conflicting rights and social values. In general, these
means can be divided into informal and formal sanctions. Informal sanctions include social
norms that are enforced through the social forces of the family, school, government, and religion.
??
The balancing of rights and public safety can also be achieved through use of formal sanctions
(such as laws) found within the criminal justice system. Frequently, the norms and values
embedded in informal systems are reflected in the formal system of order maintenance.
??
2
