HD 1004 Exam 1 Virginia Tech
questions with correct answers
cognitive development - ANS ✔✔thoughts, intelligence, language
biological development - ANS ✔✔physical body
socioemotional development - ANS ✔✔relationships, emotions, personality
prenatal period of development - ANS ✔✔conception-birth
infancy period of development - ANS ✔✔birth-~24 months
early childhood period of development - ANS ✔✔~2-5/6
middle and late childhood period of development - ANS ✔✔6-11
adolescence period of development - ANS ✔✔10/12-18/22
cohort - ANS ✔✔age and period put together
ex: screen time for babies/children
-being a child w/ computers or being an adult w/ computers; how does this affect cognitive,
social skills?
cohort effects are due to - ANS ✔✔time of birth, era, or generation, but NOT actual age
,nature and nurture - ANS ✔✔the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by
nature (genes) or nurture (environment); today we say BOTH influence development
continuity and discontinuity - ANS ✔✔continuity= gradual, cumulative changes, "baby steps"
discontinuity= distinct stages
early and later experiences - ANS ✔✔focuses on the degree to which early experiences or later
experiences are the key to determinants of a child's development
psychoanalytical theory - ANS ✔✔Freud's psychosexual theory and Erikson's psychosocial
theory
Freud's psychosexual theory - ANS ✔✔is important, but most don't use it
emphasized emotions, inner workings of the mind
used clinical population (doesn't rep the population)
much attention to early experiences, esp. with parents
5 stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
id, ego, superego
+ early experinces, family, personality
- can't test scientifically, a lot of sex, western culture, males are considered the norm, based on
memories in past
5 stages of Freud psychosexual theory - ANS ✔✔1) oral= infant; pleasure
2) anal= infant/toddler
3) phallic= early childhood
4) latency= middle & late childhood; sexual repression
, 5) genital= puberty; sexual reawakening
Erikson's psychosocial theory - ANS ✔✔primary motive is social
early and late experience important
Cognitive Theories of Development - ANS ✔✔Piaget
Vygotsky
Siegler
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - ANS ✔✔children actively constructing their
understanding
emphasized organization and adaptation
4 stages
1) Sensorimotor= 0-2; reflexive
2) Preoperational= 2-7; representation
3) Concrete Operational= 7-11; reason
4) Formal Operational= 11-15; abstract, idealistic, logical
+ postive developmental changes in thinking
- stages not uniform; underestimate/overestimate child's ability; not enough credit to
unconscious thought
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory - ANS ✔✔no stages
emphasis on social world and culture
knowledge is collaborative, interacting w/ others, objects, and environment
+ positive, active construction
- lack of attention to differences
questions with correct answers
cognitive development - ANS ✔✔thoughts, intelligence, language
biological development - ANS ✔✔physical body
socioemotional development - ANS ✔✔relationships, emotions, personality
prenatal period of development - ANS ✔✔conception-birth
infancy period of development - ANS ✔✔birth-~24 months
early childhood period of development - ANS ✔✔~2-5/6
middle and late childhood period of development - ANS ✔✔6-11
adolescence period of development - ANS ✔✔10/12-18/22
cohort - ANS ✔✔age and period put together
ex: screen time for babies/children
-being a child w/ computers or being an adult w/ computers; how does this affect cognitive,
social skills?
cohort effects are due to - ANS ✔✔time of birth, era, or generation, but NOT actual age
,nature and nurture - ANS ✔✔the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by
nature (genes) or nurture (environment); today we say BOTH influence development
continuity and discontinuity - ANS ✔✔continuity= gradual, cumulative changes, "baby steps"
discontinuity= distinct stages
early and later experiences - ANS ✔✔focuses on the degree to which early experiences or later
experiences are the key to determinants of a child's development
psychoanalytical theory - ANS ✔✔Freud's psychosexual theory and Erikson's psychosocial
theory
Freud's psychosexual theory - ANS ✔✔is important, but most don't use it
emphasized emotions, inner workings of the mind
used clinical population (doesn't rep the population)
much attention to early experiences, esp. with parents
5 stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
id, ego, superego
+ early experinces, family, personality
- can't test scientifically, a lot of sex, western culture, males are considered the norm, based on
memories in past
5 stages of Freud psychosexual theory - ANS ✔✔1) oral= infant; pleasure
2) anal= infant/toddler
3) phallic= early childhood
4) latency= middle & late childhood; sexual repression
, 5) genital= puberty; sexual reawakening
Erikson's psychosocial theory - ANS ✔✔primary motive is social
early and late experience important
Cognitive Theories of Development - ANS ✔✔Piaget
Vygotsky
Siegler
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - ANS ✔✔children actively constructing their
understanding
emphasized organization and adaptation
4 stages
1) Sensorimotor= 0-2; reflexive
2) Preoperational= 2-7; representation
3) Concrete Operational= 7-11; reason
4) Formal Operational= 11-15; abstract, idealistic, logical
+ postive developmental changes in thinking
- stages not uniform; underestimate/overestimate child's ability; not enough credit to
unconscious thought
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory - ANS ✔✔no stages
emphasis on social world and culture
knowledge is collaborative, interacting w/ others, objects, and environment
+ positive, active construction
- lack of attention to differences
