PSYC 2000 LSU Knapp Exam 3 Ch 7 UPDATED
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
hindsight bias - the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one should have
foreseen it/ It refers to the tendency people have to view events as more predictable than they
really are/ It is also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.
overconfidence - we tend to think we know more than we do/ Ex. Sushi does not mean
"raw fish", and not all sushi includes raw fish. The name sushi means "sour rice", and refers to
vinegared rice or any dish including vinegared rice; raw fish is a common inclusion, but not a
necessary one. In the traditional form of sushi unique to the Osaka region, all the ingredients
are either cooked or cured; raw fish is never used.
apophenia - is heavily documented as a source of rationale behind gambling, with victims
imagining they see patterns in the occurrence of numbers in lotteries, roulette wheels, and even
cards. While a straight flush may seem like an extremely hand, it's just as likely to be dealt as
any other
pareidolia - The tendency to interpret a vague stimulus as something known to the
observer, such as interpreting marks on Mars as canals, seeing shapes in clouds, or hearing
hidden messages in reversed music.
scientific method - a systematic process for evaluating ideas with observation and
analysis
fact - observable realities/ can be established only using evidence collected through
empirical research
, opinion - personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate
deductive reasoning - ideas are tested against the empirical world/ starts with a
generalization that is tested against real-world observations/ argument might go something like
this: All living things require energy to survive (this would be your hypothesis). Ducks are living
things. Therefore, ducks require energy to survive (logical conclusion). In this example, the
hypothesis is correct; therefore, the conclusion is correct as well. Sometimes, however, an
incorrect hypothesis may lead to a logical but incorrect conclusion. Consider this argument: all
ducks are born with the ability to see. Quackers is a duck. Therefore, Quackers was born with
the ability to see. Scientists use deductive reasoning to empirically test their hypotheses.
Returning to the example of the ducks, researchers might design a study to test the hypothesis
that if all living things require energy to survive, then ducks will be found to require energy to
survive.
inductive reasoning - empirical observations lead to new ideas/ uses empirical
observations to construct broad generalizations/ conclusions drawn from ... may or may not be
correct, regardless of the observations on which they are based/ For instance, you may notice
that your favorite fruits—apples, bananas, and oranges—all grow on trees; therefore, you
assume that all fruit must grow on trees. This would be an example of inductive reasoning, and,
clearly, the existence of strawberries, blueberries, and kiwi demonstrate that this generalization
is not correct despite it being based on a number of direct observations./ Scientists use
inductive reasoning to formulate theories, which in turn generate hypotheses that are tested
with deductive reasoning.
theory - a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed
phenomena/ repeatedly checked against the world, but they tend to be too complex to be
tested all at once; instead, researchers create hypotheses to test specific aspects of a theory
hypothesis - a testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct,
and it is often worded as an if-then statement/ extremely important because it bridges the gap
between the realm of ideas and the real world
ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT
Answers
hindsight bias - the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one should have
foreseen it/ It refers to the tendency people have to view events as more predictable than they
really are/ It is also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.
overconfidence - we tend to think we know more than we do/ Ex. Sushi does not mean
"raw fish", and not all sushi includes raw fish. The name sushi means "sour rice", and refers to
vinegared rice or any dish including vinegared rice; raw fish is a common inclusion, but not a
necessary one. In the traditional form of sushi unique to the Osaka region, all the ingredients
are either cooked or cured; raw fish is never used.
apophenia - is heavily documented as a source of rationale behind gambling, with victims
imagining they see patterns in the occurrence of numbers in lotteries, roulette wheels, and even
cards. While a straight flush may seem like an extremely hand, it's just as likely to be dealt as
any other
pareidolia - The tendency to interpret a vague stimulus as something known to the
observer, such as interpreting marks on Mars as canals, seeing shapes in clouds, or hearing
hidden messages in reversed music.
scientific method - a systematic process for evaluating ideas with observation and
analysis
fact - observable realities/ can be established only using evidence collected through
empirical research
, opinion - personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate
deductive reasoning - ideas are tested against the empirical world/ starts with a
generalization that is tested against real-world observations/ argument might go something like
this: All living things require energy to survive (this would be your hypothesis). Ducks are living
things. Therefore, ducks require energy to survive (logical conclusion). In this example, the
hypothesis is correct; therefore, the conclusion is correct as well. Sometimes, however, an
incorrect hypothesis may lead to a logical but incorrect conclusion. Consider this argument: all
ducks are born with the ability to see. Quackers is a duck. Therefore, Quackers was born with
the ability to see. Scientists use deductive reasoning to empirically test their hypotheses.
Returning to the example of the ducks, researchers might design a study to test the hypothesis
that if all living things require energy to survive, then ducks will be found to require energy to
survive.
inductive reasoning - empirical observations lead to new ideas/ uses empirical
observations to construct broad generalizations/ conclusions drawn from ... may or may not be
correct, regardless of the observations on which they are based/ For instance, you may notice
that your favorite fruits—apples, bananas, and oranges—all grow on trees; therefore, you
assume that all fruit must grow on trees. This would be an example of inductive reasoning, and,
clearly, the existence of strawberries, blueberries, and kiwi demonstrate that this generalization
is not correct despite it being based on a number of direct observations./ Scientists use
inductive reasoning to formulate theories, which in turn generate hypotheses that are tested
with deductive reasoning.
theory - a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed
phenomena/ repeatedly checked against the world, but they tend to be too complex to be
tested all at once; instead, researchers create hypotheses to test specific aspects of a theory
hypothesis - a testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct,
and it is often worded as an if-then statement/ extremely important because it bridges the gap
between the realm of ideas and the real world
