Test Bank for Theories of Personality (10th Edition) – Richard M. Ryckman – Complete Chapters 1–18

Test Bank for Theories of
Personality (10th Edition) –
Richard M. Ryckman – Complete
Chapters 1–18




1

,CHAPTER 1—PERSONALITY AND THE SCIENTIFIC OUTLOOK
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CHAPTER OUTLINE b-e




I. Why study personality? The study of human personality helps us understand ourselves
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eand other people better and gives us a greater appreciation for the complexity of human
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eexperience.
II.Definition of Personality: Personality is the dynamic and organized set of
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echaracteristics possessed by an individual that uniquely influences his or her cognitions,
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emotivations and behaviors in various situations. b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e




III. Personality and Science: Personality is a scientific enterprise concerned with the description,
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eexplanation, prediction, and control of events. b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e




A. Components of Science: Theories and Research Methods
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1. What are theories? A theory is a system of interrelated conceptual statements that
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are created by investigators to account for a phenomenon or a set of phenomena.
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2. Kinds of theories b-e b-e




a. inductive-sets of general summary statements about phenomena derived from facts. b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e




b. deductive-theories in which specific hypotheses are derived from abstract propositions b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-




and then tested by the collection of data. Deductive theories consist of postulates,
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propositions, conceptual definitions, operational definitions, hypotheses, and
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empirical observations.
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1. postulates-the fundamental or core assumptions of a theory. They are taken as self- b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e




evidently true in order to provide a clear and focused direction for theorizing and
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research. e




2. propositions- general relational statements that may be true or false. They are not tested b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-




directly; instead, hypotheses are derived from them.
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3. hypotheses-specific propositions containing constructs that are conceptually defined and b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-




operationalized so they can tested and confirmed or disconfirmed through empirical
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testing. Hypotheses are tentative theoretical statements about how events are related to
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one another, often stated as predictions.
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a. a prior predictions-predictions made before the collection of data.
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4. conceptual definitions- concepts in the hypotheses are defined precisely so that accurate
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measures of the concepts can be devised.
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5. operational definitions- procedures (or operations) used to define particular constructs.
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6. empirical observations-observations of phenomena made by investigators.b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e




2

,1V. Research Methods Used to Test Theories
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A.Experimental Method-technique for studying cause-and- effect relationships b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-




between variables. It involves the manipulation of independent variables and
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observation of the effects of the manipulation(s) on dependent variables.
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1. independent variables-the variables actively manipulated by the experimenter so thatb-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-




their effects on individual behavior can be observed.
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2. dependent variables-changes in behavior that occur as a result of the manipulation of
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conditions by an experimenter.
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3. control group-the group that does not receive the experimental treatment. It is
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designed to provide baseline data against which the effects of the experimental
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manipulation(s) on the dependent variable(s) can be accurately judged.
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B.Correlational Method-general procedure for establishing an association or b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-




relationship between events.
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1. positive correlation-increases in the scores on one variable are associated with
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increases in the scores on the other variable.
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2. negative correlation-increases in the scores on one variable are associated with
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decreases in the scores on the other.
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3. no relation-the distributions of scores on the two variables are random
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C.Case Study Method-technique involving the intensive study of a single person in order
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to understand his or her unique personality and behavior.
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1. post-hoc explanation-explanation of a phenomenon given after its occurrence.
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V. Ethics for Conducting Research
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A.informed consent-the practice of telling study participants about the nature of
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their participation in a proposed experiment and then obtaining their written
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agreement to participate.
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B.debriefing-informing study participants of the true nature and purpose of a study after it b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-




is completed.
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VI. Criteria for Evaluating Theories
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A.Comprehensiveness-theories are judged as more adequate and useful if they b - e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-e b-




encompass and account for a wide range and variety of phenomena.
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B.Precision and testability- adequate theories should contain constructs and
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relational statements that are clearly and explicitly stated and measured. Under such
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conditions, theories can be more accurately tested.
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C.Parsimony- adequate theories should be as economical as possible, while still
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adequately accounting for the phenomena in their domain.
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D.Empirical validity- the hypotheses of theories are tested by the collection of data
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to determine whether or not they are accurate.
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3

, E. Heuristic value- adequate theories should be challenging; they should stimulate new
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eideas and new research.
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F. Applied value- adequate theories are capable of providing creative solutions to
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eproblems that are of interest and concern to people in society.
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