PHM 350 Midterm Test Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
A1c target for adults with T2D to reduce the risk of CKD and retinopathy if at low risk of
hypoglycemia - Answers ≤6.5%
A1c target for most adults with T1D or T2D - Answers ≤7%
A1c target for functionally dependent - Answers 7.1-8%
A1c target for recurrent severe hypoglycemia and/or hypoglycemia unawareness - Answers 7.1-
8.5%
A1c target for limited life expectancy - Answers 7.1-8.5%
A1c target for frail elderly and/or with dementia - Answers 7.1-8.5%
preprandial target for A1c = ≤7% - Answers 4-7 mmol/L
postprandial target for A1c = ≤7% - Answers 5-10 mmol/L
what drug should be started if patient has symptomatic hyperglycemia and/or metabolic
decompensation? - Answers insulin
which drug is first-line in T2D patients? - Answers metformin
metformin MOA - Answers decrease insulin resistance/increase insulin sensitivity
decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis
metformin AEs - Answers GI (N, D, gas, abdo pain, metallic taste)
how can one improve GI tolerability of metformin? - Answers take with food
start low and go slow
metformin CI/precautions - Answers renal dysfunction (eGFR <30, caution <45)
hepatic dysfunction
which factors mean you should use an AHA with demonstrated cardiorenal benefits after
metformin? - Answers ASCVD
CKD
HF
>60 with 2 CV risk factors
which drug class should be used in T2D with ASCVD, CKD or HF? - Answers SGLT2i
, which drug class should be used in T2D >60 with 2 CV risk factors? - Answers GLP-1 agonist
which AHA drug classes cause hypoglycemia? - Answers insulin
sulfonylureas
meglinitides
which AHA drug classes cause weight gain? - Answers TZDs
which AHA drug classes can cause weight loss? - Answers SGLT2i
GLP-1
which TZD causes CV harm? - Answers rosiglitazone
difference in A1c lowering between empagliflozin 10mg and 25mg is _________ - Answers small
which drug had a statistically significant decrease in UTI in females vs. placebo? - Answers
empagliflozin
SGLT2i MOA - Answers decreased renal glucose reabsorption (up to 50%)
increased glucose excretion
which SGLT2i is generic (i.e. cheaper)? - Answers dapagliflozin
which SGLT2i has the poorest evidence to support its use? - Answers dapagliflozin
SGLT2i AEs - Answers genital mycotic infections, hypotension
euglycemic ketoacidosis? amputation? cancer? fracture?
GLP-1 agonist MOA - Answers "supraphysiologic" (>> DPP4i)
increase glucose-dependent insulin release
decrease glucagon release
decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis
delayed gastric emptying & decreased rate of CHO absorption
increased satiety and suppress appetite
which GLP-1 agonist is po? - Answers semaglutide (Rybelsus)
which GLP-1 agonist subcut is dosed daily? - Answers liraglutide (Victoza)
GLP-1 agonist AEs - Answers GI (N, V, D, constipation)
A1c target for adults with T2D to reduce the risk of CKD and retinopathy if at low risk of
hypoglycemia - Answers ≤6.5%
A1c target for most adults with T1D or T2D - Answers ≤7%
A1c target for functionally dependent - Answers 7.1-8%
A1c target for recurrent severe hypoglycemia and/or hypoglycemia unawareness - Answers 7.1-
8.5%
A1c target for limited life expectancy - Answers 7.1-8.5%
A1c target for frail elderly and/or with dementia - Answers 7.1-8.5%
preprandial target for A1c = ≤7% - Answers 4-7 mmol/L
postprandial target for A1c = ≤7% - Answers 5-10 mmol/L
what drug should be started if patient has symptomatic hyperglycemia and/or metabolic
decompensation? - Answers insulin
which drug is first-line in T2D patients? - Answers metformin
metformin MOA - Answers decrease insulin resistance/increase insulin sensitivity
decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis
metformin AEs - Answers GI (N, D, gas, abdo pain, metallic taste)
how can one improve GI tolerability of metformin? - Answers take with food
start low and go slow
metformin CI/precautions - Answers renal dysfunction (eGFR <30, caution <45)
hepatic dysfunction
which factors mean you should use an AHA with demonstrated cardiorenal benefits after
metformin? - Answers ASCVD
CKD
HF
>60 with 2 CV risk factors
which drug class should be used in T2D with ASCVD, CKD or HF? - Answers SGLT2i
, which drug class should be used in T2D >60 with 2 CV risk factors? - Answers GLP-1 agonist
which AHA drug classes cause hypoglycemia? - Answers insulin
sulfonylureas
meglinitides
which AHA drug classes cause weight gain? - Answers TZDs
which AHA drug classes can cause weight loss? - Answers SGLT2i
GLP-1
which TZD causes CV harm? - Answers rosiglitazone
difference in A1c lowering between empagliflozin 10mg and 25mg is _________ - Answers small
which drug had a statistically significant decrease in UTI in females vs. placebo? - Answers
empagliflozin
SGLT2i MOA - Answers decreased renal glucose reabsorption (up to 50%)
increased glucose excretion
which SGLT2i is generic (i.e. cheaper)? - Answers dapagliflozin
which SGLT2i has the poorest evidence to support its use? - Answers dapagliflozin
SGLT2i AEs - Answers genital mycotic infections, hypotension
euglycemic ketoacidosis? amputation? cancer? fracture?
GLP-1 agonist MOA - Answers "supraphysiologic" (>> DPP4i)
increase glucose-dependent insulin release
decrease glucagon release
decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis
delayed gastric emptying & decreased rate of CHO absorption
increased satiety and suppress appetite
which GLP-1 agonist is po? - Answers semaglutide (Rybelsus)
which GLP-1 agonist subcut is dosed daily? - Answers liraglutide (Victoza)
GLP-1 agonist AEs - Answers GI (N, V, D, constipation)
