NSG 532 Exam 2 Questions AND Correct Answers
Contrast between hormone transport of the different types of
hormones - ✔✔Water Soluble peptide/protein and amine
hormones
Will circulate freely in the plasma
Water Insoluble steroid and amine hormones (T3/T4) will be
bound to transport proteins
Plasma albumins and globulins
Describe a negative feedback loop - ✔✔The output reduces
the original effect of the stimulus
Example
T3/T4 increasing amounts in blood tell hypothalamus to
decrease TRH which decreases TSH which decreases T3/T4
production in follicular cells
Describe a nicotinic muscle receptor and its function - ✔✔A
ligand gated ion channel
,When Ach binds to it, the gate opens and Na comes into the
cell
Describe a positive feedback loop - ✔✔Output enhances the
original stimulus
Example
-Hypothalamus produces oxytocin
-Oxytocin produces contraction of the smooth muscle in the
uterus
-Contraction of smooth muscles in the uterus continues the
labor process by producing more oxytocin until the baby is out
Describe a short loop feedback - ✔✔The inhibition of
secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones (TRH) by the
trophic hormones of the anterior pituitary (TSH)
Describe accessory endocrinocytes. What are the accessory
endocrinocytes? - ✔✔Cells which produce hormones, but are
not directly part of the endocrine system. They are located in
other organs/parts of the body system.
,1. Heart: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
2. Stomach: Gastrin; Ghrelin
3. Small intestine: Secretini; Cholecystokinin (CCK); Glucose-
dependent Insulinotropic Peptide
4. Kidney: Calcitriool; Erythropoietin
5. Placenta: Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
6. Adipocytes: Leptin; Adiponectin, Resistin
Describe Actin/Myosin interaction - ✔✔Action potential
travels down and causes release of calcium from sarcoplasmic
recticulum into the sarcomere --- will bind to the troponin.
When calcium binds to the troponin, it causes a
conformational change of the troponin protein.
Since troponin is attached to the tropomyosin, when it
undergoes the change it brings the tropomyosin with it and
reveals myosin binding sites
Myosin head is then free to bind to the actin where ATP and
ATPase activity will cause movement
, Describe an ultrashort loop feedback - ✔✔Occurs when a
hormone (pituitary TSH) acts on its own hormone producing
cells (binds to pituitary TSHR) to inhibit further secretion of
itself
Describe characteristics of peptide/protein hormones -
✔✔Polar, hydroPHILIC, and lipid INSOLUBLE
1. are synthesized as prohormones in the RER and requiring
further cleavage to activate
2. Are stored in secretory vesicles
3. Are polar, hydrophilic and lipid- insoluble
4. Are soluble in plasma and can be transported freely in
blood
5. Have G protein-coupled receptors and second messenger
transduction systems
6. Regulate metabolic reactions/gene expression and
regulation
Describe characteristics of smooth muscle - ✔✔Non-Striated
Found in hollow viscera (gut, bronchi, blood vessels)
Contrast between hormone transport of the different types of
hormones - ✔✔Water Soluble peptide/protein and amine
hormones
Will circulate freely in the plasma
Water Insoluble steroid and amine hormones (T3/T4) will be
bound to transport proteins
Plasma albumins and globulins
Describe a negative feedback loop - ✔✔The output reduces
the original effect of the stimulus
Example
T3/T4 increasing amounts in blood tell hypothalamus to
decrease TRH which decreases TSH which decreases T3/T4
production in follicular cells
Describe a nicotinic muscle receptor and its function - ✔✔A
ligand gated ion channel
,When Ach binds to it, the gate opens and Na comes into the
cell
Describe a positive feedback loop - ✔✔Output enhances the
original stimulus
Example
-Hypothalamus produces oxytocin
-Oxytocin produces contraction of the smooth muscle in the
uterus
-Contraction of smooth muscles in the uterus continues the
labor process by producing more oxytocin until the baby is out
Describe a short loop feedback - ✔✔The inhibition of
secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones (TRH) by the
trophic hormones of the anterior pituitary (TSH)
Describe accessory endocrinocytes. What are the accessory
endocrinocytes? - ✔✔Cells which produce hormones, but are
not directly part of the endocrine system. They are located in
other organs/parts of the body system.
,1. Heart: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
2. Stomach: Gastrin; Ghrelin
3. Small intestine: Secretini; Cholecystokinin (CCK); Glucose-
dependent Insulinotropic Peptide
4. Kidney: Calcitriool; Erythropoietin
5. Placenta: Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
6. Adipocytes: Leptin; Adiponectin, Resistin
Describe Actin/Myosin interaction - ✔✔Action potential
travels down and causes release of calcium from sarcoplasmic
recticulum into the sarcomere --- will bind to the troponin.
When calcium binds to the troponin, it causes a
conformational change of the troponin protein.
Since troponin is attached to the tropomyosin, when it
undergoes the change it brings the tropomyosin with it and
reveals myosin binding sites
Myosin head is then free to bind to the actin where ATP and
ATPase activity will cause movement
, Describe an ultrashort loop feedback - ✔✔Occurs when a
hormone (pituitary TSH) acts on its own hormone producing
cells (binds to pituitary TSHR) to inhibit further secretion of
itself
Describe characteristics of peptide/protein hormones -
✔✔Polar, hydroPHILIC, and lipid INSOLUBLE
1. are synthesized as prohormones in the RER and requiring
further cleavage to activate
2. Are stored in secretory vesicles
3. Are polar, hydrophilic and lipid- insoluble
4. Are soluble in plasma and can be transported freely in
blood
5. Have G protein-coupled receptors and second messenger
transduction systems
6. Regulate metabolic reactions/gene expression and
regulation
Describe characteristics of smooth muscle - ✔✔Non-Striated
Found in hollow viscera (gut, bronchi, blood vessels)
