Test Bank- Pediatric Physical Examination: An Illustrated Handbook 4th Edition (Karen G. Duderstadt, 2025) Latest Edition|| All Chapters

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Chapter 1: Approach to Care and Assessment of Children and Adolescents
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MULTIPLE CHOICE gg




1. A nurse is reviewing developmentalconcepts for infants and children. Which statement
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gg best describes development in infants and children?
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a. Development, a predictable and orderly process, occurs at varying rates
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within normal limits.
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b. Development is primarilyrelated to the growth in the number and size of cells.
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c. Development occurs in a proximodistal direction with fine muscle gg gg gg gg gg gg gg gg


development occurring first.
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d. Development is more easilyand accurately measured than growth. g g gg gg gg gg gg gg




ANS: A gg




Development, a continuous orderly process, provides the basis for increases in the childs
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gg function and complexity of behavior. The increases in rate of function and complexity can
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vary normally within limits for each child. An increase in the number and size of
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gg cells is a definition for growth. Development proceeds in a proximodistal direction with
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gg fine muscle organization occurring as a result of large muscle organization. Development
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is a more complex process that is affected by many factors; therefore, it is less easily
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gg and accurately measured. Growth is a predictable process with standard measurement
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methods.
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2. Frequent developmental assessments are important for which reason?
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a. Stable developmental periods during infancy provide an opportunity to
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identify any delays or deficits.
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b. Infants need stimulation specific to the stage of development.
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c. Critical periods of development occur during childhood.
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d. Child development is unpredictable and needs monitoring.
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ANS: C gg




Critical periods are blocks of time during which children are ready to master specific
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gg developmental tasks. Children can master these tasks more easily during particular periods
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gg of time in their growth and developmental process. Infancy is a dynamic time of
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gg development that requires frequent evaluations to assess appropriate developmental
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gg progress. Infants in a nurturing environment will develop appropriately and will not
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gg necessarily need stimulation specific to their developmental stage. Normal growth and
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gg development are orderly and proceed in a predictable pattern on the basis of each
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gg individuals abilities and potentials. gg gg gg




3. Which factor has the greatest influence on child growth and development?
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a. Culture

b. Environment

c. Genetics

d. Nutrition


ANS: C gg




Genetic factors (heredity) determine each individuals growth and developmental rate.
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gg Although factors such as environment, culture, nutrition, and family can influence genetic
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gg traits, they do not eliminate the effect of the genetic endowment, which is permanent.
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gg Culture is a significant factor that influences how children grow toward adulthood.
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gg Culture influences both growth and development but does not eliminate inborn genetic
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gg influences. Environment has a significant role in determining growth and development
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gg both before and after birth. The environment can influence how and to which extent
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gg genetic traits are manifested, but environmental factors cannot eliminate the effect of
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gg genetics. Nutrition is critical for growth and plays a significant role throughout
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gg childhood.

4. A g g nurse g g is g g planning g g a g g teaching g g session g g with g g a g g child. g g According g g to
g g Piagetian g g theory, g g the period gg g g of g g cognitive g g development g g in g g which g g the g g child
g g is g g able g g to g g distinguish g g fact g g from fantasy is gg gg g g the period of cognitive
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gg development.

a. sensorimotor

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b. formal operations gg




c. concrete operations gg




d. preoperational


ANS: C gg




Concrete operations is the period of cognitive development in which childrens thinking is
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shifted from egocentric to being able to see anothers point of view. They develop the
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gg ability to distinguish fact from fantasy. The sensorimotor stage occurs in infancy and is
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gg a period of reflexive behavior. During this period, the infants world becomes more
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gg permanent and organized. The stage ends with the infant demonstrating some evidence
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gg of reasoning. Formal operations is a period in development in which new ideas are
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gg created through previous thoughts. Analytic reason and abstract thought emerge in this
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gg period. The preoperational stage is a period of egocentrism in which the childs
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gg judgments are illogical and dominated by magical thinking and animism.
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5. The theorist who viewed developmentalprogression as a lifelong series of conflicts that
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gg need resolution is:
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a. Erikson.

b. Freud.

c. Kohlberg.

d. Piaget.


ANS: A gg




Erik Erikson viewed development as a series of conflicts affected by social and cultural
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gg factors. Each conflict must be resolved for the child to progress emotionally, with
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gg unsuccessful resolution leaving the child emotionally disabled. Sigmund Freud proposed a
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gg psychosexual theory of development in which certain parts of the body assume
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gg psychological significance as foci of sexual energy. The foci shift as the individual
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gg moves through the different stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) of
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gg development. Lawrence Kohlberg described moral development as having three levels
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gg (preconventional, conventional, and postconventional). His gg gg gg gg