Psychology Exam test quiz and
answers well graded A+
Personality - ANS✅✅a set of *psychological traits and mechanisms* within the individual
organized and *relatively enduring* and that influence his or her *interactions* with and
*adaptations* to the *intrapsychic, physical, and social* environments
Psychological traits - ANS✅✅characteristics that describe way sin which people are different from
each other
Psychological mechanisms - ANS✅✅processes of personality
Murray's 3 Levels of Personality Analysis
Every human being is: - ANS✅✅1) Like all others (human nature level)
2) Like some others (individual/group level)
3) Like no others (individual uniqueness level)
6 Domains - ANS✅✅1) Dispositional: ways individuals differ
2) Biological: genetics, psychophysiology, evolution
3) Intrapsychic: mental mechanisms of personality
4) Cognitive-Experiential: cognition and subjective experience
5) Social and cultural: personality affects and is affected by social and cultural contexts
6) Adjustment: personality plays a key role in how we adjust to our everyday lives
Don't Buy Swiss Cheese, It's Aged!
Is there a grand theory of personality - ANS✅✅NO
The 6 domains can ultimately provide foundations for a unified theory
Sources of Personality Data - ANS✅✅S-data
O-data
T-data (fMRI, projective techniques, experiments)
, L-data (life outcome--info gleaned from events)
Agreement across data sources is ___ to____ - ANS✅✅low to moderate
some traits more observable
depends heavily on research questions
Triangulation - ANS✅✅examine results that transcend data sources *using two methods to check
the results*
Reliability - ANS✅✅the degree to which an obtained measure represents the true level of a trait
3 Types of Reliability - ANS✅✅1) test-retest
2) inter-rater
3) internal (measures that test the same construct should yield similar results)
Validity - ANS✅✅extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure
5 Types of validity - ANS✅✅1) Face--appears to "look good"
2)Construct--contains all necessary parts
3) Predictive/Criterion--predicts criteria external to test
4) Convergent--correlates with similar measures
5) Discriminant--does not correlate with dissimilar measures
2 Views of Traits - ANS✅✅1) Traits as internal properties that CAUSE behavior
2) Traits as purely descriptive summaries with NO assumptions about causality
Act Frequency Approach - ANS✅✅Traits are categories of acts
3 Ways to Identify most important traits - ANS✅✅1) Lexical Approach--all important traits have
become encoded within the NATURAL LANGUAGE
~synonym frequency
answers well graded A+
Personality - ANS✅✅a set of *psychological traits and mechanisms* within the individual
organized and *relatively enduring* and that influence his or her *interactions* with and
*adaptations* to the *intrapsychic, physical, and social* environments
Psychological traits - ANS✅✅characteristics that describe way sin which people are different from
each other
Psychological mechanisms - ANS✅✅processes of personality
Murray's 3 Levels of Personality Analysis
Every human being is: - ANS✅✅1) Like all others (human nature level)
2) Like some others (individual/group level)
3) Like no others (individual uniqueness level)
6 Domains - ANS✅✅1) Dispositional: ways individuals differ
2) Biological: genetics, psychophysiology, evolution
3) Intrapsychic: mental mechanisms of personality
4) Cognitive-Experiential: cognition and subjective experience
5) Social and cultural: personality affects and is affected by social and cultural contexts
6) Adjustment: personality plays a key role in how we adjust to our everyday lives
Don't Buy Swiss Cheese, It's Aged!
Is there a grand theory of personality - ANS✅✅NO
The 6 domains can ultimately provide foundations for a unified theory
Sources of Personality Data - ANS✅✅S-data
O-data
T-data (fMRI, projective techniques, experiments)
, L-data (life outcome--info gleaned from events)
Agreement across data sources is ___ to____ - ANS✅✅low to moderate
some traits more observable
depends heavily on research questions
Triangulation - ANS✅✅examine results that transcend data sources *using two methods to check
the results*
Reliability - ANS✅✅the degree to which an obtained measure represents the true level of a trait
3 Types of Reliability - ANS✅✅1) test-retest
2) inter-rater
3) internal (measures that test the same construct should yield similar results)
Validity - ANS✅✅extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure
5 Types of validity - ANS✅✅1) Face--appears to "look good"
2)Construct--contains all necessary parts
3) Predictive/Criterion--predicts criteria external to test
4) Convergent--correlates with similar measures
5) Discriminant--does not correlate with dissimilar measures
2 Views of Traits - ANS✅✅1) Traits as internal properties that CAUSE behavior
2) Traits as purely descriptive summaries with NO assumptions about causality
Act Frequency Approach - ANS✅✅Traits are categories of acts
3 Ways to Identify most important traits - ANS✅✅1) Lexical Approach--all important traits have
become encoded within the NATURAL LANGUAGE
~synonym frequency
