Psychology exam test quiz and
answers graded A+
Wilhelm Wundt - ANS✅✅Set up the first psychological laboratory. Used Introspection and
Structuralism
Introspection - ANS✅✅Subject is asked to record exactly their thought reactions to a simple
stimuli
Structuralism - ANS✅✅Idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and object
sensations
William James - ANS✅✅Published "Principles of Psychology" and furthered Structuralism towards
Functionalism
Gestalt Psychology - ANS✅✅Against dividing thought and behavior; examine a person's total
perception
Sigmund Freud - ANS✅✅Psychoanalytic approach who believed the unconscious mind showed
who a person was - caused by repression of thoughts
John Watson - ANS✅✅Behavioralist who said that psychology must focus on observable concepts -
Little Albert Study
Behavioralism - ANS✅✅Psychology should focus on only 'observable' behavior through stimuli and
responses
BF Skinner - ANS✅✅Expanded ideas of behavioralism to include the concept of reinforcement. He
became the father of Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement - ANS✅✅Environmental stimuli that encourage or discourage a response
Eclectic - ANS✅✅Looking at thought/behavior from multiple perspectives - play it by ear
,Humanistic Psychology - ANS✅✅Stresses choice and free will of people; we choose our action and
make our own destinies
Psycho-Analytic Approach - ANS✅✅the unconscious mind controls much of our thought and
action; to understand unconscious, dream analysis and other techniques are used
Biological Psychology - ANS✅✅Human cognition and reactions are caused by our genes,
hormones, and neurology
Evolutionary Psychology - ANS✅✅Examine human thoughts and actions through natural selection
- best thoughts/traits continue
Cognitive Psychology - ANS✅✅Examine human thought and behavior by how we interpret,
process, and remember events. Why we think the way we do
Hindsight Bias - ANS✅✅People feel that they've "known all along" after hearing research findings
that they did not know
Applied Research - ANS✅✅research that has a clear, practical application that's used in life
Basic Research - ANS✅✅Research that does not intend to impact immediate, real-world problems
Hypothesis - ANS✅✅Expresses the relationship between the independent and dependent
variables - based on theory
Theory - ANS✅✅Attempt to explain a phenomena in a way that generates a testable hypothesis
for support
Valid Research - ANS✅✅Measures what the researcher intended and is accurate
Reliable Research - ANS✅✅Research results can be replicated to find identical results
Sampling - ANS✅✅Process of selecting subjects from a totally random cross-section of society
, Stratified Sampling - ANS✅✅Sampling of random people but all of whom meet a certain criteria
(age, gender, race, etc)
Case Study - ANS✅✅Used to get a full, detailed picture of one or a small group of participants. Not
generalized
Descriptive Statistics - ANS✅✅Describe a set of data by using frequency polygons (line graphs) and
histograms (bar graphs)
Central Tendency - ANS✅✅Attempt to mark the center of distribution (mean median mode)
Positively Scewed - ANS✅✅Central Tendency is higher because of an outlier. Mean > Median in
this case
Negatively Scewed - ANS✅✅Central Tendency is lowed because of an outlier. Mean < Median in
this case
Z Scores - ANS✅✅Measure the distance of a result to the standard mean. Scores below mean are
negative and above are positive.
Z Score = (score - mean) / (Standard Deviation)
Correlation - ANS✅✅Measures the relationship between two variables; positive or negative
Inferential Statistics - ANS✅✅Determine whether or not findings can be applied to a larger
population than the sample that was selected; can the information be generalized and expanded
Sampling Error - ANS✅✅The extent to which a sample differs from the actual population
P Value - ANS✅✅Smaller a P-Value, the more significant the findings. Must be over a P-Value
of .05 (5% chance of error) to be significant
APA Ethical Guidelines - ANS✅✅No Coercion (voluntary). Informed Consent. Anonymity. Risk (not
in risk of SERIOUS harm mentally or physically). Debriefing.
answers graded A+
Wilhelm Wundt - ANS✅✅Set up the first psychological laboratory. Used Introspection and
Structuralism
Introspection - ANS✅✅Subject is asked to record exactly their thought reactions to a simple
stimuli
Structuralism - ANS✅✅Idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and object
sensations
William James - ANS✅✅Published "Principles of Psychology" and furthered Structuralism towards
Functionalism
Gestalt Psychology - ANS✅✅Against dividing thought and behavior; examine a person's total
perception
Sigmund Freud - ANS✅✅Psychoanalytic approach who believed the unconscious mind showed
who a person was - caused by repression of thoughts
John Watson - ANS✅✅Behavioralist who said that psychology must focus on observable concepts -
Little Albert Study
Behavioralism - ANS✅✅Psychology should focus on only 'observable' behavior through stimuli and
responses
BF Skinner - ANS✅✅Expanded ideas of behavioralism to include the concept of reinforcement. He
became the father of Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement - ANS✅✅Environmental stimuli that encourage or discourage a response
Eclectic - ANS✅✅Looking at thought/behavior from multiple perspectives - play it by ear
,Humanistic Psychology - ANS✅✅Stresses choice and free will of people; we choose our action and
make our own destinies
Psycho-Analytic Approach - ANS✅✅the unconscious mind controls much of our thought and
action; to understand unconscious, dream analysis and other techniques are used
Biological Psychology - ANS✅✅Human cognition and reactions are caused by our genes,
hormones, and neurology
Evolutionary Psychology - ANS✅✅Examine human thoughts and actions through natural selection
- best thoughts/traits continue
Cognitive Psychology - ANS✅✅Examine human thought and behavior by how we interpret,
process, and remember events. Why we think the way we do
Hindsight Bias - ANS✅✅People feel that they've "known all along" after hearing research findings
that they did not know
Applied Research - ANS✅✅research that has a clear, practical application that's used in life
Basic Research - ANS✅✅Research that does not intend to impact immediate, real-world problems
Hypothesis - ANS✅✅Expresses the relationship between the independent and dependent
variables - based on theory
Theory - ANS✅✅Attempt to explain a phenomena in a way that generates a testable hypothesis
for support
Valid Research - ANS✅✅Measures what the researcher intended and is accurate
Reliable Research - ANS✅✅Research results can be replicated to find identical results
Sampling - ANS✅✅Process of selecting subjects from a totally random cross-section of society
, Stratified Sampling - ANS✅✅Sampling of random people but all of whom meet a certain criteria
(age, gender, race, etc)
Case Study - ANS✅✅Used to get a full, detailed picture of one or a small group of participants. Not
generalized
Descriptive Statistics - ANS✅✅Describe a set of data by using frequency polygons (line graphs) and
histograms (bar graphs)
Central Tendency - ANS✅✅Attempt to mark the center of distribution (mean median mode)
Positively Scewed - ANS✅✅Central Tendency is higher because of an outlier. Mean > Median in
this case
Negatively Scewed - ANS✅✅Central Tendency is lowed because of an outlier. Mean < Median in
this case
Z Scores - ANS✅✅Measure the distance of a result to the standard mean. Scores below mean are
negative and above are positive.
Z Score = (score - mean) / (Standard Deviation)
Correlation - ANS✅✅Measures the relationship between two variables; positive or negative
Inferential Statistics - ANS✅✅Determine whether or not findings can be applied to a larger
population than the sample that was selected; can the information be generalized and expanded
Sampling Error - ANS✅✅The extent to which a sample differs from the actual population
P Value - ANS✅✅Smaller a P-Value, the more significant the findings. Must be over a P-Value
of .05 (5% chance of error) to be significant
APA Ethical Guidelines - ANS✅✅No Coercion (voluntary). Informed Consent. Anonymity. Risk (not
in risk of SERIOUS harm mentally or physically). Debriefing.
