Psychology Exam quizzes and
answers graded A+
what is psychology? - ANS✅✅the scientific study of thought, behavior, and emotion
- helps us understand why people behave, think, and feel the way they do
- many ppl think it only has to do with psychological disorders and therapies
behavioral perspective - ANS✅✅we learn how we behave from the environmental factor and
people around
conditioning with reinforcements and punishments
ex. People turn violent b/c they were brought up in a bad neighborhood where "every man for
themselves" is the motto
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspectives - ANS✅✅unconscious dynamics in the individual
Floyd - he thought that we have unconscious conflicts that we are unaware of and that we cannot
get rid of. It started in a young age so that is the reason why we are the way we are now
evolutionary perspectives - ANS✅✅natural selection of traits passed on from generations to
generations
people are attracted to other people b/c of the way that they look, some features on their face
ex. Ancesters are sociable = they survived through all these years...those sociable genes got passed
down to you
cognitive perspective - ANS✅✅How people reason, remember, understand language, form beliefs
Sociocultural perspective - ANS✅✅How social and cultural forces shape individuals' behavior
Shared values and culture
Ex. Violent v/c exposed to TV violence
biological / neuroscientific perspective - ANS✅✅How bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and
thoughts
Hormones in the body (neuro transmitters, testosterone, etc.)
Ex. puberty
,social vs behavioral - ANS✅✅Behavioral = learn from environment from punishments, etc
• Has individual influence
Social = have traits that move us in the social group where we feel the most comfortable
• Group influence
What did Descartes do? - ANS✅✅mind/body dualism - philosopher
Exploring between mind and body
Thought: religion -> people were not allow to do experiments on the body b/c of the soul
• Thinks that the mind and the body were different = can study the body
He gave permission for people to study the human brain b/c it is not not religious
Wilhelm Wundt - ANS✅✅- made the 1st psychological laboratory
- 1st to study psychology w/ introspection - study feelings and sensation and structure of the mind
E. B. Titchener - ANS✅✅- created structuralism : the analysis of mental structures
- understand what the mind and sensation is by looking at conscious experience
- uses introspection : to ask people to focus, think and describe stuff
- about what
William James - ANS✅✅- functionalism - the study of how the mind works
-functionalism emphasis on the adaptive function of behavior, consciousness , the way it helps ppl.
adapt to their environment
- ex. why do we have certain traits?
about why
Hindsight bias - ANS✅✅The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have
forseen it.
- ex. i knew it all along
what is introspection? - ANS✅✅
, hypothesis - ANS✅✅testable prediction about the relationships between variables or conditions
under the event that will happen
- one of the variable is usually a behavior
Ex. Meditation reduces stress
operational definition - ANS✅✅measures that redefines multiple concepts to clear observable
operations that anyone can see / repeat
• Concepts that have the potential of multiple values
• Ex. Meditation. Variables: body, hormones, etc.
naturalistic observation - ANS✅✅Describe and measure people and/or animals' behavior
systematically
It can be a bi-product of a behavior - ex. Going to a frat party to calculate how much they drink beer
(trace of tracking those behavior)
Researchers are not interfering with the experiment - recording the observation
• Ppl change their behaviors if they know they are being watched
case study - ANS✅✅in-depth analysis of one subject (or more)
- More common in clinical setting : usually include face-to-face interviews / fill out a questionaire,
take some tests
Cannot generalize b/c the subject is too small but will get a lot of info from just one subject
survey - ANS✅✅Asking people questions about their thoughts, feelings, desires, and actions and
recording their answers
- Written questionnaire, online survey, etc.
- can get a lot of info in a short time
- problem = wording can lead people from answers to answers
- can lead to response bias --> they give answers that are not true to avoid judgment
correlation - ANS✅✅- measure how strong the association is between two variables (perfect
correlation ranges from -1.00 to +1.00)
- all correlations are linear
answers graded A+
what is psychology? - ANS✅✅the scientific study of thought, behavior, and emotion
- helps us understand why people behave, think, and feel the way they do
- many ppl think it only has to do with psychological disorders and therapies
behavioral perspective - ANS✅✅we learn how we behave from the environmental factor and
people around
conditioning with reinforcements and punishments
ex. People turn violent b/c they were brought up in a bad neighborhood where "every man for
themselves" is the motto
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspectives - ANS✅✅unconscious dynamics in the individual
Floyd - he thought that we have unconscious conflicts that we are unaware of and that we cannot
get rid of. It started in a young age so that is the reason why we are the way we are now
evolutionary perspectives - ANS✅✅natural selection of traits passed on from generations to
generations
people are attracted to other people b/c of the way that they look, some features on their face
ex. Ancesters are sociable = they survived through all these years...those sociable genes got passed
down to you
cognitive perspective - ANS✅✅How people reason, remember, understand language, form beliefs
Sociocultural perspective - ANS✅✅How social and cultural forces shape individuals' behavior
Shared values and culture
Ex. Violent v/c exposed to TV violence
biological / neuroscientific perspective - ANS✅✅How bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and
thoughts
Hormones in the body (neuro transmitters, testosterone, etc.)
Ex. puberty
,social vs behavioral - ANS✅✅Behavioral = learn from environment from punishments, etc
• Has individual influence
Social = have traits that move us in the social group where we feel the most comfortable
• Group influence
What did Descartes do? - ANS✅✅mind/body dualism - philosopher
Exploring between mind and body
Thought: religion -> people were not allow to do experiments on the body b/c of the soul
• Thinks that the mind and the body were different = can study the body
He gave permission for people to study the human brain b/c it is not not religious
Wilhelm Wundt - ANS✅✅- made the 1st psychological laboratory
- 1st to study psychology w/ introspection - study feelings and sensation and structure of the mind
E. B. Titchener - ANS✅✅- created structuralism : the analysis of mental structures
- understand what the mind and sensation is by looking at conscious experience
- uses introspection : to ask people to focus, think and describe stuff
- about what
William James - ANS✅✅- functionalism - the study of how the mind works
-functionalism emphasis on the adaptive function of behavior, consciousness , the way it helps ppl.
adapt to their environment
- ex. why do we have certain traits?
about why
Hindsight bias - ANS✅✅The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have
forseen it.
- ex. i knew it all along
what is introspection? - ANS✅✅
, hypothesis - ANS✅✅testable prediction about the relationships between variables or conditions
under the event that will happen
- one of the variable is usually a behavior
Ex. Meditation reduces stress
operational definition - ANS✅✅measures that redefines multiple concepts to clear observable
operations that anyone can see / repeat
• Concepts that have the potential of multiple values
• Ex. Meditation. Variables: body, hormones, etc.
naturalistic observation - ANS✅✅Describe and measure people and/or animals' behavior
systematically
It can be a bi-product of a behavior - ex. Going to a frat party to calculate how much they drink beer
(trace of tracking those behavior)
Researchers are not interfering with the experiment - recording the observation
• Ppl change their behaviors if they know they are being watched
case study - ANS✅✅in-depth analysis of one subject (or more)
- More common in clinical setting : usually include face-to-face interviews / fill out a questionaire,
take some tests
Cannot generalize b/c the subject is too small but will get a lot of info from just one subject
survey - ANS✅✅Asking people questions about their thoughts, feelings, desires, and actions and
recording their answers
- Written questionnaire, online survey, etc.
- can get a lot of info in a short time
- problem = wording can lead people from answers to answers
- can lead to response bias --> they give answers that are not true to avoid judgment
correlation - ANS✅✅- measure how strong the association is between two variables (perfect
correlation ranges from -1.00 to +1.00)
- all correlations are linear
