BIOD 102 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT RATED
A+
What is a silent substitution?
Answer: Occurs because of the redundancy of the genetic code.
What is a point mutation?
Answer: Occurs when a single nucleotide is changed within a gene.
What is a frameshift mutation?
Answer: Can have three different outcomes arising from the alteration of the
triplet-codon reading frame.
What is an insertion mutation?
Answer: Occurs from the gain of nucleotides within a gene.
What is endocrine signaling?
Answer: Long-term signaling that regulates blood pressure, blood volume,
and energy metabolism.
What is autocrine signaling?
Answer: Local signaling where the ligand is not transported through the
blood but instead diffuses across a short distance.
What is synaptic signaling?
, Answer: Local signaling where the ligand diffuses across a synapse.
What is pheromone signaling?
Answer: Ligands are released into the external environment to mark
territory or attract mates.
Falling Phase -ANSWER✔✔K+ ions flow out of the cell, making the cell more
negative
Depolarization -ANSWER✔✔Na+ ions flow out of the cell,
Rising Phase -ANSWER✔✔Positive feedback causes opening of more Na+
channels
What is homeostasis -ANSWER✔✔The tendency to maintain an equilibrium or set
point, among interdependent physiological processes despite environmental
changes.
Absorption -ANSWER✔✔The process of a drug moving from its site of
administration to the target area, crossing one or more body membranes
Active Surveillance -ANSWER✔✔Health officers or other public health officials
execute procedures to gather pertinent health data. Advantage - greater level of
accuracy. Disadvantage - more man power, more expensive.
Passive Surveillance -ANSWER✔✔Techniques in which data reporting is
mandated or requested. Existing data is identified , counted and reported.
,Advantage - easy and inexpensive. Disadvantage - providers may not submit
detailed reports.
Which sequence immediately stops transcription -ANSWER✔✔Polyadenylation
Sequence
Excitatory neurotransmitters ____ the electrical threshold by increasing electrical
excitability of ____ cells, allowing action potentials to be propagated more
quickly. -ANSWER✔✔Decrease, post-synaptic
What are the two main ways neurotransmitters are cleared from the synapse? -
ANSWER✔✔Inactivating enzymes and reuptake via neurotransmitter transport
channels.
Chemoreceptors -ANSWER✔✔Restore homeostasis through negative feedback,
but they do not communicate with the hypothalamus as they are reflexive.
Post-Marketing Phase -ANSWER✔✔Phase of drug development process covers
expansive groups of people with diverse medical backgrounds as adverse effects
may not appear until larger numbers of people begin taking a drug.
Preclinical Phase -ANSWER✔✔Exhaustive laboratory work, 1-3 years long. Cells
are grown in culture and the candidate drug is tested to look for potential harms.
Animal testing would occur now.
Clinical Investigation Phase -ANSWER✔✔2-10 years long. Pharmacologists
gather data , important in identifying adverse SE and possibility that developing
drug may worsen other conditions. Clinical trials occur during this phase.
, New Drug Approval Phase -ANSWER✔✔Formal review process conducted by a
specialized branch of the FDA. 2 months - 7 years. Clinical data is examined. If the
drug has reasonable benefit it can continue to post marketing studies.
Epidemiological Triad -ANSWER✔✔Focuses on interactions among host, agent,
and environment.
Initiation stage of translation -ANSWER✔✔Involves binding of the small
ribosomal skin it with mature mRNA
Termination Phase of Translation -ANSWER✔✔Broken down into 3 steps -
binding of a releasing factor, liberation of the completed polypeptide chain, and
disassembly of the translation initiation complex.
Elongation Phase of Translation -ANSWER✔✔Moves 5' to 3'
Endocrine Glands -ANSWER✔✔Ductless structures that secrete hormones
directly into the surrounding extracellular fluid or bloodstream
Which type of muscle is under voluntary control? -ANSWER✔✔Skeletal
Response -ANSWER✔✔The physiological adjustment that a system makes to
return a Callie to its set point range.
Sensor -ANSWER✔✔The anatomical or physiological machinery thta detects the
stimulus.
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT RATED
A+
What is a silent substitution?
Answer: Occurs because of the redundancy of the genetic code.
What is a point mutation?
Answer: Occurs when a single nucleotide is changed within a gene.
What is a frameshift mutation?
Answer: Can have three different outcomes arising from the alteration of the
triplet-codon reading frame.
What is an insertion mutation?
Answer: Occurs from the gain of nucleotides within a gene.
What is endocrine signaling?
Answer: Long-term signaling that regulates blood pressure, blood volume,
and energy metabolism.
What is autocrine signaling?
Answer: Local signaling where the ligand is not transported through the
blood but instead diffuses across a short distance.
What is synaptic signaling?
, Answer: Local signaling where the ligand diffuses across a synapse.
What is pheromone signaling?
Answer: Ligands are released into the external environment to mark
territory or attract mates.
Falling Phase -ANSWER✔✔K+ ions flow out of the cell, making the cell more
negative
Depolarization -ANSWER✔✔Na+ ions flow out of the cell,
Rising Phase -ANSWER✔✔Positive feedback causes opening of more Na+
channels
What is homeostasis -ANSWER✔✔The tendency to maintain an equilibrium or set
point, among interdependent physiological processes despite environmental
changes.
Absorption -ANSWER✔✔The process of a drug moving from its site of
administration to the target area, crossing one or more body membranes
Active Surveillance -ANSWER✔✔Health officers or other public health officials
execute procedures to gather pertinent health data. Advantage - greater level of
accuracy. Disadvantage - more man power, more expensive.
Passive Surveillance -ANSWER✔✔Techniques in which data reporting is
mandated or requested. Existing data is identified , counted and reported.
,Advantage - easy and inexpensive. Disadvantage - providers may not submit
detailed reports.
Which sequence immediately stops transcription -ANSWER✔✔Polyadenylation
Sequence
Excitatory neurotransmitters ____ the electrical threshold by increasing electrical
excitability of ____ cells, allowing action potentials to be propagated more
quickly. -ANSWER✔✔Decrease, post-synaptic
What are the two main ways neurotransmitters are cleared from the synapse? -
ANSWER✔✔Inactivating enzymes and reuptake via neurotransmitter transport
channels.
Chemoreceptors -ANSWER✔✔Restore homeostasis through negative feedback,
but they do not communicate with the hypothalamus as they are reflexive.
Post-Marketing Phase -ANSWER✔✔Phase of drug development process covers
expansive groups of people with diverse medical backgrounds as adverse effects
may not appear until larger numbers of people begin taking a drug.
Preclinical Phase -ANSWER✔✔Exhaustive laboratory work, 1-3 years long. Cells
are grown in culture and the candidate drug is tested to look for potential harms.
Animal testing would occur now.
Clinical Investigation Phase -ANSWER✔✔2-10 years long. Pharmacologists
gather data , important in identifying adverse SE and possibility that developing
drug may worsen other conditions. Clinical trials occur during this phase.
, New Drug Approval Phase -ANSWER✔✔Formal review process conducted by a
specialized branch of the FDA. 2 months - 7 years. Clinical data is examined. If the
drug has reasonable benefit it can continue to post marketing studies.
Epidemiological Triad -ANSWER✔✔Focuses on interactions among host, agent,
and environment.
Initiation stage of translation -ANSWER✔✔Involves binding of the small
ribosomal skin it with mature mRNA
Termination Phase of Translation -ANSWER✔✔Broken down into 3 steps -
binding of a releasing factor, liberation of the completed polypeptide chain, and
disassembly of the translation initiation complex.
Elongation Phase of Translation -ANSWER✔✔Moves 5' to 3'
Endocrine Glands -ANSWER✔✔Ductless structures that secrete hormones
directly into the surrounding extracellular fluid or bloodstream
Which type of muscle is under voluntary control? -ANSWER✔✔Skeletal
Response -ANSWER✔✔The physiological adjustment that a system makes to
return a Callie to its set point range.
Sensor -ANSWER✔✔The anatomical or physiological machinery thta detects the
stimulus.
