Genetics Test questions and
answers graded A+
Genetics - ANS✅✅study of individual genes and inheritance
genomics - ANS✅✅study of all genes in human genome, including interactions with each other,
the environment and the influence of other psychosocial and cultural factors
genome - ANS✅✅all DNA chromosomal and mitochondrial coding and non-coding regions
phenotype - ANS✅✅a persons expressed physical traits
genotype - ANS✅✅internally coded, inheritable information.
personalized medicine - ANS✅✅the practice of tailoring prevention and disease management
activities for individuals based on genomic characteristics.
human genome - ANS✅✅complete set of genes for our species
the human genome contains about _____# of genes - ANS✅✅25,000
Genes, DNA and chromosomes are all different forms of the - ANS✅✅same substance
DNA in mammals is... - ANS✅✅linear, double-stranded structure composed of multiple units of
four different nitrogenous bases each attached to a sugar molecule
four bases - ANS✅✅purines-adenine or guanine
pyrimidines-thymine or cytosine
bases are nucleoproteins created from.. - ANS✅✅the proteins we eat
pyrimidines - ANS✅✅singe ring structured bases (thymine or cytosine)
,purines - ANS✅✅double ring structured bases (adenine or guanine)
Adenine always pairs with - ANS✅✅Thymine
Guanine always pairs with - ANS✅✅Cytosine
complementary base pairs are (the two strands of DNA) are held together loosely by -
ANS✅✅weak hydrogen bonds. This weak bonding allows for easy strand separation and DNA
replication phase of cell division
the DNA code of a gene directly determines... - ANS✅✅The amino acid sequence of a protein. The
amino acid sequence of a protein defines the end-product which can be for example, an enzyme or a
hormone
transcription - ANS✅✅-is the process where the DNA sequence of a gene is recognized and the
DNA is used as a template to make a copy of messenger RNA (mRNA).
-mRNA allows the message to reach the ribosome while the gene itself remains in the nucleus to be
used as a template for more mRNA when appropriate.
translation - ANS✅✅-involves the mRNA localizing to the ribosome and transfer RNA (tRNA),
another type of RNA, recognizing codons.
-Codons are three bases of mRNA that code for an amino acid. The tRNA docks with the codon and
brings along the appropriate amino acid. As translation progresses, the amino acids link together to
form an amino acid chain.
mitosis - ANS✅✅cell division in which there is a duplication of a parent cell resulting in two new
daughter cells that are identical to each other and to the parent cell
-the process of forming identical daughter cells
-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Phases of cell division - ANS✅✅G1, S, G2, M
G1 - ANS✅✅Cell takes on nutrients, generates more energy, increases membrane size and
cytoplasm
, S - ANS✅✅DNA replication
G2 - ANS✅✅Production of proteins important for cell division
M - ANS✅✅actual cell division with nuclear separation (nucleokinesis) followed by cell separation
(cytokinesis)
Stages of mitosis - ANS✅✅Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, resulting in two daughter
cells
Prophase - ANS✅✅chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Nuclear envelope disappears
Metaphase - ANS✅✅chromosomes alight at the equatorial plate
anaphase - ANS✅✅sister chromatids separate. Centromeres divide
Telophase - ANS✅✅chromatin expands, cytoplasm divides, resulting in daughter cells
Meiosis - ANS✅✅Interphase, Meiosis I, Meiosis II
-only occurs in the gonads
Germ-Line mutation - ANS✅✅occurs directly in sperm or egg or in a precursor cell that produces
gametes; if mutant gamete participates in fertilization then offspring will contain mutation
somatic mutation - ANS✅✅cells of body effected; mutations can occur early or late stages of
development portion of body maintains mutation
Mutagen - ANS✅✅A chemical or physical agent that can induce a DNA mutation
Two types of mutations - ANS✅✅-Spontaneous
-Induced
answers graded A+
Genetics - ANS✅✅study of individual genes and inheritance
genomics - ANS✅✅study of all genes in human genome, including interactions with each other,
the environment and the influence of other psychosocial and cultural factors
genome - ANS✅✅all DNA chromosomal and mitochondrial coding and non-coding regions
phenotype - ANS✅✅a persons expressed physical traits
genotype - ANS✅✅internally coded, inheritable information.
personalized medicine - ANS✅✅the practice of tailoring prevention and disease management
activities for individuals based on genomic characteristics.
human genome - ANS✅✅complete set of genes for our species
the human genome contains about _____# of genes - ANS✅✅25,000
Genes, DNA and chromosomes are all different forms of the - ANS✅✅same substance
DNA in mammals is... - ANS✅✅linear, double-stranded structure composed of multiple units of
four different nitrogenous bases each attached to a sugar molecule
four bases - ANS✅✅purines-adenine or guanine
pyrimidines-thymine or cytosine
bases are nucleoproteins created from.. - ANS✅✅the proteins we eat
pyrimidines - ANS✅✅singe ring structured bases (thymine or cytosine)
,purines - ANS✅✅double ring structured bases (adenine or guanine)
Adenine always pairs with - ANS✅✅Thymine
Guanine always pairs with - ANS✅✅Cytosine
complementary base pairs are (the two strands of DNA) are held together loosely by -
ANS✅✅weak hydrogen bonds. This weak bonding allows for easy strand separation and DNA
replication phase of cell division
the DNA code of a gene directly determines... - ANS✅✅The amino acid sequence of a protein. The
amino acid sequence of a protein defines the end-product which can be for example, an enzyme or a
hormone
transcription - ANS✅✅-is the process where the DNA sequence of a gene is recognized and the
DNA is used as a template to make a copy of messenger RNA (mRNA).
-mRNA allows the message to reach the ribosome while the gene itself remains in the nucleus to be
used as a template for more mRNA when appropriate.
translation - ANS✅✅-involves the mRNA localizing to the ribosome and transfer RNA (tRNA),
another type of RNA, recognizing codons.
-Codons are three bases of mRNA that code for an amino acid. The tRNA docks with the codon and
brings along the appropriate amino acid. As translation progresses, the amino acids link together to
form an amino acid chain.
mitosis - ANS✅✅cell division in which there is a duplication of a parent cell resulting in two new
daughter cells that are identical to each other and to the parent cell
-the process of forming identical daughter cells
-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Phases of cell division - ANS✅✅G1, S, G2, M
G1 - ANS✅✅Cell takes on nutrients, generates more energy, increases membrane size and
cytoplasm
, S - ANS✅✅DNA replication
G2 - ANS✅✅Production of proteins important for cell division
M - ANS✅✅actual cell division with nuclear separation (nucleokinesis) followed by cell separation
(cytokinesis)
Stages of mitosis - ANS✅✅Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, resulting in two daughter
cells
Prophase - ANS✅✅chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Nuclear envelope disappears
Metaphase - ANS✅✅chromosomes alight at the equatorial plate
anaphase - ANS✅✅sister chromatids separate. Centromeres divide
Telophase - ANS✅✅chromatin expands, cytoplasm divides, resulting in daughter cells
Meiosis - ANS✅✅Interphase, Meiosis I, Meiosis II
-only occurs in the gonads
Germ-Line mutation - ANS✅✅occurs directly in sperm or egg or in a precursor cell that produces
gametes; if mutant gamete participates in fertilization then offspring will contain mutation
somatic mutation - ANS✅✅cells of body effected; mutations can occur early or late stages of
development portion of body maintains mutation
Mutagen - ANS✅✅A chemical or physical agent that can induce a DNA mutation
Two types of mutations - ANS✅✅-Spontaneous
-Induced
