Genetics Exam test queries and
answers graded A+
monohybrid - ANS✅✅an individual formed from two true-breeding parents of different genotypes
male and female parents contribute equally - ANS✅✅reciprocal crosses give same results
inheritance is not blended - ANS✅✅F 1 progeny always resemble oe parent only
Mendel's dominant vs recessive traits - ANS✅✅-dominant trait is displayed in F1 generation
-recessive trait is displayed only in F2 generation
Theory of Particulate Inheritance - ANS✅✅-traits are determined by discrete units that are
inherited intact through generations
-each individual has 2 particles in genotype, but passes only 1 particle on to progeny
Mendel's First Law - ANS✅✅The Principle of Segregation
The Principle of Segregation - ANS✅✅-during gamete formation, members of a pair of alleles
segregate into separate gametes
-such gametes form in equal frequencies
-subsequent fertilization is random
test cross - ANS✅✅use a this to determine genotype
(sometimes called a back-cross if F1 is crossed to Po)
-cross individual with dominant phenotype to homo recessive individual
chromatin - ANS✅✅dispersed state of DNA/ proteins; what DNA looks like during most of cell
cycle
chromosome - ANS✅✅-physical structure that carries genes
-double-stranded DNA molecule containing genetic info arrange in a linear sequence
,-in eukaryotes, contains DNA, RNA, and proteins
-coils up and condense during meiosis/mitosis
chromosome characteristics - ANS✅✅-has unique shape and size
-has 1 centromere
-has 2 telomeres
distinguished by...
1) size
2) location of centromere in relation to telomeres
3) genes
centromere - ANS✅✅constricted region on chromosome place for proteins to bind
-no genes
telomeres - ANS✅✅end of chromosomes
metacentric - ANS✅✅centromere in the middle w/ equal arms
sub-metacentric - ANS✅✅centromere closer to one telomere side than other (slightly off center)
acrocentric - ANS✅✅way closer to one side of chromosome than other; unequal arms
telocentric - ANS✅✅near telomere
p arm - ANS✅✅small/ petite arm of chromosome
q arm - ANS✅✅long arm of chromosome
gametes vs somatic cells - ANS✅✅gametes have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells
n - ANS✅✅# of distinct chromosomes
, diploid individual - ANS✅✅total chromosomes in a gamete= N
homologous chromosomes - ANS✅✅2 copies of each chromosome in a diploid
-each member of pair= homolog
-same length, same centromere placement, same genes (not necessarily same alleles)
mitosis results - ANS✅✅-1 division
-1 cell--> 2 cells (identical)
-somatic cells
-no change in ploidy
cell cycle order - ANS✅✅G0--> G1--> S--> G2--> M
meiosis results in - ANS✅✅-2 divisions
-1 cell (diploid)--> 4 cells (haploid) (non-identical)
-creates gametes
-reduce ploidy (2n--> n)
the cell cycle - ANS✅✅stage that 1 cell goes through as it grows and divides
-interphase+ mitotic phase
G0 phase - ANS✅✅-nondividing phase
-cell is in stable state at constant size
G1 - ANS✅✅1rst gap/ growth phase
-proteins need for cell division are made
S - ANS✅✅DNA synthesis
all chromosomes are duplicated
answers graded A+
monohybrid - ANS✅✅an individual formed from two true-breeding parents of different genotypes
male and female parents contribute equally - ANS✅✅reciprocal crosses give same results
inheritance is not blended - ANS✅✅F 1 progeny always resemble oe parent only
Mendel's dominant vs recessive traits - ANS✅✅-dominant trait is displayed in F1 generation
-recessive trait is displayed only in F2 generation
Theory of Particulate Inheritance - ANS✅✅-traits are determined by discrete units that are
inherited intact through generations
-each individual has 2 particles in genotype, but passes only 1 particle on to progeny
Mendel's First Law - ANS✅✅The Principle of Segregation
The Principle of Segregation - ANS✅✅-during gamete formation, members of a pair of alleles
segregate into separate gametes
-such gametes form in equal frequencies
-subsequent fertilization is random
test cross - ANS✅✅use a this to determine genotype
(sometimes called a back-cross if F1 is crossed to Po)
-cross individual with dominant phenotype to homo recessive individual
chromatin - ANS✅✅dispersed state of DNA/ proteins; what DNA looks like during most of cell
cycle
chromosome - ANS✅✅-physical structure that carries genes
-double-stranded DNA molecule containing genetic info arrange in a linear sequence
,-in eukaryotes, contains DNA, RNA, and proteins
-coils up and condense during meiosis/mitosis
chromosome characteristics - ANS✅✅-has unique shape and size
-has 1 centromere
-has 2 telomeres
distinguished by...
1) size
2) location of centromere in relation to telomeres
3) genes
centromere - ANS✅✅constricted region on chromosome place for proteins to bind
-no genes
telomeres - ANS✅✅end of chromosomes
metacentric - ANS✅✅centromere in the middle w/ equal arms
sub-metacentric - ANS✅✅centromere closer to one telomere side than other (slightly off center)
acrocentric - ANS✅✅way closer to one side of chromosome than other; unequal arms
telocentric - ANS✅✅near telomere
p arm - ANS✅✅small/ petite arm of chromosome
q arm - ANS✅✅long arm of chromosome
gametes vs somatic cells - ANS✅✅gametes have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells
n - ANS✅✅# of distinct chromosomes
, diploid individual - ANS✅✅total chromosomes in a gamete= N
homologous chromosomes - ANS✅✅2 copies of each chromosome in a diploid
-each member of pair= homolog
-same length, same centromere placement, same genes (not necessarily same alleles)
mitosis results - ANS✅✅-1 division
-1 cell--> 2 cells (identical)
-somatic cells
-no change in ploidy
cell cycle order - ANS✅✅G0--> G1--> S--> G2--> M
meiosis results in - ANS✅✅-2 divisions
-1 cell (diploid)--> 4 cells (haploid) (non-identical)
-creates gametes
-reduce ploidy (2n--> n)
the cell cycle - ANS✅✅stage that 1 cell goes through as it grows and divides
-interphase+ mitotic phase
G0 phase - ANS✅✅-nondividing phase
-cell is in stable state at constant size
G1 - ANS✅✅1rst gap/ growth phase
-proteins need for cell division are made
S - ANS✅✅DNA synthesis
all chromosomes are duplicated
