Genetics Exam test queries and
answers graded A+
Genetics - ANS✅✅the study of inheritance
Genome - ANS✅✅The total content of genetic information in an organism
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - ANS✅✅The informational macro-molecule that encodes genetic
information, and is composed of linked deoxyribonucleotides. Can be double or single stranded, with
strands linked by complementary base pairing.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) - ANS✅✅An informational macro-molecule produced by transcription from
a DNA template, composed of linked ribonucleotides. Usually single stranded
Proteins (gene expression) - ANS✅✅A large biomolecule consisting of one or more chains of aa;
transcription of info in DNA code of genes into mRNA and in protein coding genes its further
translation into the amino acid code.
Chromosomes - ANS✅✅the DNA-protein structure that contains part of the nuclear genome;
diploid human cells have 46
Genomics - ANS✅✅the scientific discipline of mapping, sequencing, and analyzing genomes
Genes - ANS✅✅part of a DNA molecule that encodes a protein or functional RNA molecule
Diploid - ANS✅✅two copies of the genome in each somatic cell ex) a cell or an organism
somatic - ANS✅✅the cells of the body other than the germ line
Haploid - ANS✅✅single copy - having one copy of the genome; can describe a cell (ex. a gamete)
or an organism
, Nucleotides - ANS✅✅the monomeric molecular component of the polymers DNA or RNA;
sometimes used for deoxyribonucleotide, the specific building block of DNA
Builds - ANS✅✅a specific version of the human genome sequence
reference sequence - ANS✅✅one copy of the sequence of a species or strain, often the first to be
determined, that is used as the standard. Often contain gaps and errors and are periodically revised
so it is important to know which build has been used in a study
SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) - ANS✅✅a variant due to a base substitution or the
insertion or deletion of a single base. frequencies >=1% or lower
Heterochromatin - ANS✅✅highly condensed, transcriptionally inert segment of the genome often
behaving abnormally in chromosomal banding; the part of the genome other than the euchromatin
centromeres - ANS✅✅the primary constriction of a chromosome separating the short arm (p)
from the long arm (q), and the point at which the spindle fibers attach to enable the chromosomes
to move apart at cell division
ENCODE project - ANS✅✅a large scale research consortium that aims to find all the functional
elements of the human genome
nucleus or nuclear genome - ANS✅✅the large body within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that
contains the chromosomes; the autosomes and the sex chromosomes residing in the nucleus;
excludes the mtDNA
organelles - ANS✅✅a discrete substructure within a cell, performing a specific function (i.e.
mitochondria)
cytoplasm - ANS✅✅the material within a cell excluding the nucleus
mitochondria - ANS✅✅a cellular organelle containing the molecular apparatus for several
metabolic pathways, primarily concerned with energy generation; present in many copies (1000s)
per cell, contains its own circular genome (mtDNA). Organelle and genome is maternally inherited
mtDNA - ANS✅✅the circular genome carried by the mitochondria
answers graded A+
Genetics - ANS✅✅the study of inheritance
Genome - ANS✅✅The total content of genetic information in an organism
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - ANS✅✅The informational macro-molecule that encodes genetic
information, and is composed of linked deoxyribonucleotides. Can be double or single stranded, with
strands linked by complementary base pairing.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) - ANS✅✅An informational macro-molecule produced by transcription from
a DNA template, composed of linked ribonucleotides. Usually single stranded
Proteins (gene expression) - ANS✅✅A large biomolecule consisting of one or more chains of aa;
transcription of info in DNA code of genes into mRNA and in protein coding genes its further
translation into the amino acid code.
Chromosomes - ANS✅✅the DNA-protein structure that contains part of the nuclear genome;
diploid human cells have 46
Genomics - ANS✅✅the scientific discipline of mapping, sequencing, and analyzing genomes
Genes - ANS✅✅part of a DNA molecule that encodes a protein or functional RNA molecule
Diploid - ANS✅✅two copies of the genome in each somatic cell ex) a cell or an organism
somatic - ANS✅✅the cells of the body other than the germ line
Haploid - ANS✅✅single copy - having one copy of the genome; can describe a cell (ex. a gamete)
or an organism
, Nucleotides - ANS✅✅the monomeric molecular component of the polymers DNA or RNA;
sometimes used for deoxyribonucleotide, the specific building block of DNA
Builds - ANS✅✅a specific version of the human genome sequence
reference sequence - ANS✅✅one copy of the sequence of a species or strain, often the first to be
determined, that is used as the standard. Often contain gaps and errors and are periodically revised
so it is important to know which build has been used in a study
SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) - ANS✅✅a variant due to a base substitution or the
insertion or deletion of a single base. frequencies >=1% or lower
Heterochromatin - ANS✅✅highly condensed, transcriptionally inert segment of the genome often
behaving abnormally in chromosomal banding; the part of the genome other than the euchromatin
centromeres - ANS✅✅the primary constriction of a chromosome separating the short arm (p)
from the long arm (q), and the point at which the spindle fibers attach to enable the chromosomes
to move apart at cell division
ENCODE project - ANS✅✅a large scale research consortium that aims to find all the functional
elements of the human genome
nucleus or nuclear genome - ANS✅✅the large body within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that
contains the chromosomes; the autosomes and the sex chromosomes residing in the nucleus;
excludes the mtDNA
organelles - ANS✅✅a discrete substructure within a cell, performing a specific function (i.e.
mitochondria)
cytoplasm - ANS✅✅the material within a cell excluding the nucleus
mitochondria - ANS✅✅a cellular organelle containing the molecular apparatus for several
metabolic pathways, primarily concerned with energy generation; present in many copies (1000s)
per cell, contains its own circular genome (mtDNA). Organelle and genome is maternally inherited
mtDNA - ANS✅✅the circular genome carried by the mitochondria
