BS 161 Final Exam UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and
CORRECT Answers
-control where and when gene expression
gene regulation
-at transcription
Most cells in organism have ____ have same DNA sequences as they are generated by the mitosis
DNA sequences and why?
What is the difference between an epigenetic versus genetic
change? Epigeneticchanges alter gene expression by affecting
the chromatin structure or DNApackaging, but do not change
the DNA sequence. A change to the DNAsequence is a genetic
change
For transcritpion with epigenetic DNA structure must be accessible to transcription factors and
change what must be true of RNA polymerase which should bind for transcription
DNA structure
Types of epigenetic chromatin remodeling, Histone Tail modifications, Promoter
modifications methylation
Chromatin remodeling increase/ Increase: relaxed chromatin
decreasing transcription Decrease: compact chromatin
Histone Tail modifications Increase: change making chromatin more open
increase/ decreasing Decrease: change making chromatin more closed
transcription
Histone modifications can cause chromatin remodelings
Promoter methylation increase/ Increase: decreased methylation
decreasing transcription Decrease: increased methylation
binds to enhancer/ + binding site
Positive transcription factor -help RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind for more
transcription
, -binds to silencer/ negative TF binding site
-stop RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind for less
Negative transcription factor transcription
-repressor unbinds from the operator, allowing RNA poly to bind
to the promoter
with expression of the lac operon, the levels of which proteins
Beta-galactosidase
increased in the cell
- binds to primary transcript RNA
--> 5' end of RNA(capping), 3' endof RNA (polyA tail
addition),exon/intron boundaries inRNA (splicing)
RNA processing proteins
result: produce mature(processed) mRNA that can exit the
nucleus and be translated
bind to mRNA/ 5' cap mRNA
-translates: AUG to UAG
Ribosome
result: start at start codon translate mRNA to produce
polypeptide
bind to UTRs in mRNA
mRNA destroyer
result: Destroy RNA to stop production of protein
3 RNA changes that is part of 5' cap is added, RNA spliced to remove introns, 3' poly(A) tail is
eukaryote RNA processing added
what if 5' cap not added to Affects initiation of mRNA
mRNA
All exons and introns sequences are transcribed to make primary RNA transcript
sequences removed from the primary RNA transcript during RNA
Introns
processing to make mRNA
Untranslated region
-contain binding sites forproteins that regulate translation and
UTR means
degradation of the mRNA. They control theprocess of translation
initiation and other aspects of translation
Where UTR found At the 5' and 3' ends of the mRNA.
Part of gene expression process where modifications to RNA
translation mRNA breakdown
and UTR Sequences influence
Is the primary transcript different no because primary transcript made before splicing of theRNA,
when the default mRNA made vs and includes all sequences from the transcription start site to the
the alternatively-spliced mRNA termination site
why alternatively spliced mRNA as exon 2 excluded from alternatively spliced mRNA on 2nd
lead to a protein with diff mRNA removes many amino acids from final protein and the
function as protein encoded by protein function picked by specific amino acid sequence
the default mRNA
how RNA splicing help create RNA splicing lets diff cells make diff versions of proteins, all from
cells with diverse functions in same genes.
same organism even though -> human genome 20,000 genes but can form over 100,000 diff
they have same genome proteins across 200 diff cell types
positive transcription factor needs to bind to the regulatory
What needs to happen to
region, then RNA polymerase ca nbind and transcribe gene to
produce an mRNA for Gene 1?
create the mRNA
CORRECT Answers
-control where and when gene expression
gene regulation
-at transcription
Most cells in organism have ____ have same DNA sequences as they are generated by the mitosis
DNA sequences and why?
What is the difference between an epigenetic versus genetic
change? Epigeneticchanges alter gene expression by affecting
the chromatin structure or DNApackaging, but do not change
the DNA sequence. A change to the DNAsequence is a genetic
change
For transcritpion with epigenetic DNA structure must be accessible to transcription factors and
change what must be true of RNA polymerase which should bind for transcription
DNA structure
Types of epigenetic chromatin remodeling, Histone Tail modifications, Promoter
modifications methylation
Chromatin remodeling increase/ Increase: relaxed chromatin
decreasing transcription Decrease: compact chromatin
Histone Tail modifications Increase: change making chromatin more open
increase/ decreasing Decrease: change making chromatin more closed
transcription
Histone modifications can cause chromatin remodelings
Promoter methylation increase/ Increase: decreased methylation
decreasing transcription Decrease: increased methylation
binds to enhancer/ + binding site
Positive transcription factor -help RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind for more
transcription
, -binds to silencer/ negative TF binding site
-stop RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind for less
Negative transcription factor transcription
-repressor unbinds from the operator, allowing RNA poly to bind
to the promoter
with expression of the lac operon, the levels of which proteins
Beta-galactosidase
increased in the cell
- binds to primary transcript RNA
--> 5' end of RNA(capping), 3' endof RNA (polyA tail
addition),exon/intron boundaries inRNA (splicing)
RNA processing proteins
result: produce mature(processed) mRNA that can exit the
nucleus and be translated
bind to mRNA/ 5' cap mRNA
-translates: AUG to UAG
Ribosome
result: start at start codon translate mRNA to produce
polypeptide
bind to UTRs in mRNA
mRNA destroyer
result: Destroy RNA to stop production of protein
3 RNA changes that is part of 5' cap is added, RNA spliced to remove introns, 3' poly(A) tail is
eukaryote RNA processing added
what if 5' cap not added to Affects initiation of mRNA
mRNA
All exons and introns sequences are transcribed to make primary RNA transcript
sequences removed from the primary RNA transcript during RNA
Introns
processing to make mRNA
Untranslated region
-contain binding sites forproteins that regulate translation and
UTR means
degradation of the mRNA. They control theprocess of translation
initiation and other aspects of translation
Where UTR found At the 5' and 3' ends of the mRNA.
Part of gene expression process where modifications to RNA
translation mRNA breakdown
and UTR Sequences influence
Is the primary transcript different no because primary transcript made before splicing of theRNA,
when the default mRNA made vs and includes all sequences from the transcription start site to the
the alternatively-spliced mRNA termination site
why alternatively spliced mRNA as exon 2 excluded from alternatively spliced mRNA on 2nd
lead to a protein with diff mRNA removes many amino acids from final protein and the
function as protein encoded by protein function picked by specific amino acid sequence
the default mRNA
how RNA splicing help create RNA splicing lets diff cells make diff versions of proteins, all from
cells with diverse functions in same genes.
same organism even though -> human genome 20,000 genes but can form over 100,000 diff
they have same genome proteins across 200 diff cell types
positive transcription factor needs to bind to the regulatory
What needs to happen to
region, then RNA polymerase ca nbind and transcribe gene to
produce an mRNA for Gene 1?
create the mRNA
