PHA 317 - Final Exam UPDATED ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT Answers
Medulla: The primary control centre for involuntary breathing and respiratory
response (coughing, mucus secretion and bronchoconstriction).
What are the respiratory centres of the
Cerebral Cortex: Controls voluntary breathing and can override the involuntary
CNS?
skeletal muscle action of the medulla.
(Weird that its not the hypothalamus)
Fast adapting receptors respond quickly but briefly to new stimuli; their response
What is the difference between a fast decreases if the stimulus is maintained.
adapting and a slowly adapting receptor?
Slowly adapting receptors keep firing as long as the stimulus is present.
These send information to the medulla and pons regarding the state of the
pulmonary system.
1. Chemoreceptors: Found in the carotid and aortic bodies/arteries sense pO2,
pCO2, and H+ levels.
What are afferent pathways leading to the 2. Lung Stretch receptors: These slow-adapting receptors sense the stretch and
respiratory centres in the CNS? contraction of respiratory muscles.
What is their function?
3. C-fiber pain receptors: These slow-adapting receptors sense irritants and
endogenous substances (PGs, Histamines, Bradykinin).
4. irritant receptors: These fast-adapting receptors sense chemical irritants.
Receptors 2 - 4, send information through the vagal nerves.
, These mediate the ANS response from the medulla. This response can be
parasympathetic (AcH) or sympathetic (noradrenaline).
1. Parasympathetic M1 + M3 receptors located on the smooth muscle. They bind AcH
to trigger bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion and immune cell aggregation.
What are efferent pathways leading to the
respiratory centres in the CNS?
2. Parasympathetic M2 negative feedback autoreceptors located on the nerves.
They bind AcH and inhibit its release.
3. Pseudo-sympathetic B2 receptors located in the smooth muscles. Binding
triggers bronchodilation.
The sympathetic actions of the respiratory The efferent Nonadrenergic Noncholinergic Nerve (NANC) pathway mediates
centres of the CNS do not directly smooth muscle endogenous response.
innervate the smooth muscles of the lungs
but work on an alternative pathway to In response to the ANS, this pathway releases inhibitory compounds, like Nitric
mediate a response. Oxide, to cause smooth muscle dilation. It can also release excitatory compounds,
like Bradykinin, to cause smooth muscle contraction.
What is this pathway and how does it work?
Define or give the equation for the Tidal Volume: Volume of air moved in quiet respiration
following lung volumes: Inspiratory Reserve Volume: Maximal volume of air inspired
Expiratory Reserve Volume: Maximal volume of air expired
TV Reserve Volume: Volume of air left in the lungs after ERV
IRV Vital Capacity: TV + IRV + ERV
ERV Total Lung capacity: VC + RV
RV
VC
Total Lung Capacity
Asthma is a reversible inflammatory lung Asthma is ultimately caused by bronchial hyperresponsiveness in two forms.
disease mediated by the immune system.
Hypersensitivity to low or innocuous stimuli caused by overexposure of C-fibres
It is caused by two endogenous factors. and Irritant fibres.
What are these two factors? Hyperreactivity in the form of an exaggerated TH2 immune response, activation of
What is the overarching name for these two excess eosinophils and IgE release.
factors?
Extrinsic Asthma: Triggered by identifiable external agents in atopic individuals.
Asthma is a reversible inflammatory lung
Termed atopic asthma allergens are the trigger.
disease mediated by the immune system.
Intrinsic Asthma: Triggered by internal agent, circumstances or conditions. This the
What are the two types of asthma?
blanket term for ioiopathic asthma.
, Pathogens, allergens, and foreign particles trigger an immune response to produce
interleukins.
In normal patients: low-level response
1. Immune cells primarily produce IL-12
2. IL-12 differentiates TH0 cells → TH1 cells.
3. TH1 produce IFN-γ and activates macrophages
4. TH1 promote the formation of Ig-G from B-cells
4. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ): Inhibits IL-4 production
5. IgG is an antibody for pathogens
Asthma is a reversible inflammatory lung
6. Macrophages digest foreign particles
disease mediated by the immune system.
In asthmatic patients: exaggerated response
Without talking about symptoms, what is
1. Immune cells primarily produce IL-4
the difference in immune response
2. IL-4 differentiates TH0 cells → TH2 cells.
between normal patients and asthmatic
3. TH2 cells directly inhibit IL-12 production.
patients?
4. TH2 cells produce many interleukins. Notably, IL-4,-5,-13
5. IL-4 promotes the formation of more TH2 cells.
6. IL-5 primes eosinophils for release
7. IL-4 + IL-13 promotes the formation of Ig-E from B-cells
8. Ig-E cause mast cells to release Cys-LT, CK, Histamines, and PGs.
9. IG-E causes eosinophils to release Cys-LT, CK, MBP, and ECP.
Cysteinyl Leukotrienes (Cys-LT), Hitamines, PGs (Prostaglandins), Major basic protein
(MBP), Eosinophile cationic protein (ECP) and Cytokines (CK) are all responsible for
the symptoms of asthma.
1. Hyperproliferation of airway smooth muscles
Asthma is a reversible inflammatory lung 2. Hyperproliferation of goblet cell
disease mediated by the immune system. 3 Hyperproduction of mucus from goblet cell
4. Proliferation of inelastic collagen deposition scar tissue
What are the systematic symptoms of the
immune response in asthmatic patients? Major basic protein (MBP) and Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) breakdown
epithelial lining of the lungs, further exposing C-fibers and Irritant fibers.
1. Wheezing
2. SOB
Asthma is a reversible inflammatory lung 3. Chest tightness
disease mediated by the immune system. 4. Cough
What are 4 primary symptoms of asthma? 1. Hypoxemia (low pO2)
What are 2 secondary symptoms of 2. Airway remodeling
asthma? 3. Respiratory failure
What causes nocturnal asthma?
What is status asthmatics? Late phase asthmatic response several hours after exposure.
Status asthmatics is a severe, potentially life-threatening, asthmatic attack.
1. One or more asthmatic symptoms (cough, SOB, wheezing)
Asthma is a reversible inflammatory lung 2. Family history
disease mediated by the immune system. 3. Notable triggers (day/night or allergens)
4. Positive response to treatment
What are four ways to diagnose asthma? 5. CT scans are used to confirm diagnosis
6. Pulse Oximeter to sense decreased O2 Sat
Medulla: The primary control centre for involuntary breathing and respiratory
response (coughing, mucus secretion and bronchoconstriction).
What are the respiratory centres of the
Cerebral Cortex: Controls voluntary breathing and can override the involuntary
CNS?
skeletal muscle action of the medulla.
(Weird that its not the hypothalamus)
Fast adapting receptors respond quickly but briefly to new stimuli; their response
What is the difference between a fast decreases if the stimulus is maintained.
adapting and a slowly adapting receptor?
Slowly adapting receptors keep firing as long as the stimulus is present.
These send information to the medulla and pons regarding the state of the
pulmonary system.
1. Chemoreceptors: Found in the carotid and aortic bodies/arteries sense pO2,
pCO2, and H+ levels.
What are afferent pathways leading to the 2. Lung Stretch receptors: These slow-adapting receptors sense the stretch and
respiratory centres in the CNS? contraction of respiratory muscles.
What is their function?
3. C-fiber pain receptors: These slow-adapting receptors sense irritants and
endogenous substances (PGs, Histamines, Bradykinin).
4. irritant receptors: These fast-adapting receptors sense chemical irritants.
Receptors 2 - 4, send information through the vagal nerves.
, These mediate the ANS response from the medulla. This response can be
parasympathetic (AcH) or sympathetic (noradrenaline).
1. Parasympathetic M1 + M3 receptors located on the smooth muscle. They bind AcH
to trigger bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion and immune cell aggregation.
What are efferent pathways leading to the
respiratory centres in the CNS?
2. Parasympathetic M2 negative feedback autoreceptors located on the nerves.
They bind AcH and inhibit its release.
3. Pseudo-sympathetic B2 receptors located in the smooth muscles. Binding
triggers bronchodilation.
The sympathetic actions of the respiratory The efferent Nonadrenergic Noncholinergic Nerve (NANC) pathway mediates
centres of the CNS do not directly smooth muscle endogenous response.
innervate the smooth muscles of the lungs
but work on an alternative pathway to In response to the ANS, this pathway releases inhibitory compounds, like Nitric
mediate a response. Oxide, to cause smooth muscle dilation. It can also release excitatory compounds,
like Bradykinin, to cause smooth muscle contraction.
What is this pathway and how does it work?
Define or give the equation for the Tidal Volume: Volume of air moved in quiet respiration
following lung volumes: Inspiratory Reserve Volume: Maximal volume of air inspired
Expiratory Reserve Volume: Maximal volume of air expired
TV Reserve Volume: Volume of air left in the lungs after ERV
IRV Vital Capacity: TV + IRV + ERV
ERV Total Lung capacity: VC + RV
RV
VC
Total Lung Capacity
Asthma is a reversible inflammatory lung Asthma is ultimately caused by bronchial hyperresponsiveness in two forms.
disease mediated by the immune system.
Hypersensitivity to low or innocuous stimuli caused by overexposure of C-fibres
It is caused by two endogenous factors. and Irritant fibres.
What are these two factors? Hyperreactivity in the form of an exaggerated TH2 immune response, activation of
What is the overarching name for these two excess eosinophils and IgE release.
factors?
Extrinsic Asthma: Triggered by identifiable external agents in atopic individuals.
Asthma is a reversible inflammatory lung
Termed atopic asthma allergens are the trigger.
disease mediated by the immune system.
Intrinsic Asthma: Triggered by internal agent, circumstances or conditions. This the
What are the two types of asthma?
blanket term for ioiopathic asthma.
, Pathogens, allergens, and foreign particles trigger an immune response to produce
interleukins.
In normal patients: low-level response
1. Immune cells primarily produce IL-12
2. IL-12 differentiates TH0 cells → TH1 cells.
3. TH1 produce IFN-γ and activates macrophages
4. TH1 promote the formation of Ig-G from B-cells
4. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ): Inhibits IL-4 production
5. IgG is an antibody for pathogens
Asthma is a reversible inflammatory lung
6. Macrophages digest foreign particles
disease mediated by the immune system.
In asthmatic patients: exaggerated response
Without talking about symptoms, what is
1. Immune cells primarily produce IL-4
the difference in immune response
2. IL-4 differentiates TH0 cells → TH2 cells.
between normal patients and asthmatic
3. TH2 cells directly inhibit IL-12 production.
patients?
4. TH2 cells produce many interleukins. Notably, IL-4,-5,-13
5. IL-4 promotes the formation of more TH2 cells.
6. IL-5 primes eosinophils for release
7. IL-4 + IL-13 promotes the formation of Ig-E from B-cells
8. Ig-E cause mast cells to release Cys-LT, CK, Histamines, and PGs.
9. IG-E causes eosinophils to release Cys-LT, CK, MBP, and ECP.
Cysteinyl Leukotrienes (Cys-LT), Hitamines, PGs (Prostaglandins), Major basic protein
(MBP), Eosinophile cationic protein (ECP) and Cytokines (CK) are all responsible for
the symptoms of asthma.
1. Hyperproliferation of airway smooth muscles
Asthma is a reversible inflammatory lung 2. Hyperproliferation of goblet cell
disease mediated by the immune system. 3 Hyperproduction of mucus from goblet cell
4. Proliferation of inelastic collagen deposition scar tissue
What are the systematic symptoms of the
immune response in asthmatic patients? Major basic protein (MBP) and Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) breakdown
epithelial lining of the lungs, further exposing C-fibers and Irritant fibers.
1. Wheezing
2. SOB
Asthma is a reversible inflammatory lung 3. Chest tightness
disease mediated by the immune system. 4. Cough
What are 4 primary symptoms of asthma? 1. Hypoxemia (low pO2)
What are 2 secondary symptoms of 2. Airway remodeling
asthma? 3. Respiratory failure
What causes nocturnal asthma?
What is status asthmatics? Late phase asthmatic response several hours after exposure.
Status asthmatics is a severe, potentially life-threatening, asthmatic attack.
1. One or more asthmatic symptoms (cough, SOB, wheezing)
Asthma is a reversible inflammatory lung 2. Family history
disease mediated by the immune system. 3. Notable triggers (day/night or allergens)
4. Positive response to treatment
What are four ways to diagnose asthma? 5. CT scans are used to confirm diagnosis
6. Pulse Oximeter to sense decreased O2 Sat
