CHAMBERLAIN NUR 529 EXAM 2-
PREP 2024 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS NEW EDITION
3 stages of hemostasis
1. vascular constriction
2. formation of platelet plug
3. blood coagulation
Bleeding associated with platelet disorders reflects:
decrease in platelet number because of:
1. decreased production (bone marrow dysfunction)
2. increased destruction (thrombocytopenia)
3. impaired function of platelets (thrombocytopathia)
Spontaneous bleeding from platelet disorders often involve
small vessels of mucus membranes and skin:
mucus membranes of nose, mouth, GI tract, and uterine cavity
petechiae is seen exclusively with
conditions of platelet deficiency
**not platelet dysfunction
thrombocytopenia
Platelet < 150,000
can result from:
1. decrease in platelet production
2. increased sequestration of platelets in spleen
3. decreased platelet survival
Four primary causes of anemia
1. excessive loss of RBC from bleeding
2. destruction (hemolysis) of RBC
,3. Defective RBC production
4. Inadequate RBC production because of bone marrow failure
characteristics of RBC in iron deficiency anemia
microcytic and hypochromic
characteristics of RBC in megablastic anemai
macrocytic and misshaped
characteristics of RBC in sickle cell disease
abnormally shaped
blood loss anemia is characterized by
loss of iron containing blood cells in body
hemolytic anemia is characterized by
destruction of RBC in the body with iron being retained
Reason for iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in adults
inadequate iron available for recycling:
-men/postmenopausal women: GI bleed from peptic ulcer, vascular lesions, intestinal
polyps, hemorrhoids, or cancer
-women childbearing age: menstruation
-pregnant women: fetal development increases iron requirements for erythropoiesis
Reason for IDA in children
blood volume increases with greater need for iron (proportionally higher in infancy
between 3-24 months):
low iron levels at birth because of maternal deficiency and a diet consisting mainly of
cow's milk (low in absorbable iron)
Clinical Course of Infectious Mononucleosis
-onset is insidious
-incubation period (from exposure to the development of symptoms) 4-6 weeks
-prodromal period (early stage/symptom presentation) lasts for several days and
characterized by malaise, anorexia, and chills--> precedes onset of fever, pharyngitis,
and lymphadenopathy
, -acute phase lasts 2-3 weeks with recovery occurring rapidly
-debility and lethargy may persist for 2-3 months
most common complication of infectious mononucleosis
splenomegaly (50-60% cases)
spleen enlarged 2-3 times normal size
rupture is rare; educate to avoid contact sports
diagnosing infectious mononucleosis
monospot testing for heterophile antibodies (hallmark)
IgM and IgG increased early in disease
Manifestations of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
-painless enlargement of single node or group of nodes (typically at level of diaphragm:
neck, supraclavicular, axilla)
-mediastinal mass (c/o chest discomfort with cough or dyspnea)
-fever, chills, night sweats, and weight loss
-pruritus and intermittent night fevers
Diagnosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Reed-Sternberg cells present in biopsy of lymph tissue
-bipedal lymphangiogram detects structural changes of lymph nodes too small to see on
CT
-bilateral bone marrow biopsy performed on patient's suspected of disseminated
diseases
Treatment of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
localized disease is treated with radiation
advanced disease may use combined approach of radiation, chemotherapy, and
biotherapy
Definition of preload
aka ventricular filling; considered the end-diastolic pressure when the ventricle has been
filled
PREP 2024 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS NEW EDITION
3 stages of hemostasis
1. vascular constriction
2. formation of platelet plug
3. blood coagulation
Bleeding associated with platelet disorders reflects:
decrease in platelet number because of:
1. decreased production (bone marrow dysfunction)
2. increased destruction (thrombocytopenia)
3. impaired function of platelets (thrombocytopathia)
Spontaneous bleeding from platelet disorders often involve
small vessels of mucus membranes and skin:
mucus membranes of nose, mouth, GI tract, and uterine cavity
petechiae is seen exclusively with
conditions of platelet deficiency
**not platelet dysfunction
thrombocytopenia
Platelet < 150,000
can result from:
1. decrease in platelet production
2. increased sequestration of platelets in spleen
3. decreased platelet survival
Four primary causes of anemia
1. excessive loss of RBC from bleeding
2. destruction (hemolysis) of RBC
,3. Defective RBC production
4. Inadequate RBC production because of bone marrow failure
characteristics of RBC in iron deficiency anemia
microcytic and hypochromic
characteristics of RBC in megablastic anemai
macrocytic and misshaped
characteristics of RBC in sickle cell disease
abnormally shaped
blood loss anemia is characterized by
loss of iron containing blood cells in body
hemolytic anemia is characterized by
destruction of RBC in the body with iron being retained
Reason for iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in adults
inadequate iron available for recycling:
-men/postmenopausal women: GI bleed from peptic ulcer, vascular lesions, intestinal
polyps, hemorrhoids, or cancer
-women childbearing age: menstruation
-pregnant women: fetal development increases iron requirements for erythropoiesis
Reason for IDA in children
blood volume increases with greater need for iron (proportionally higher in infancy
between 3-24 months):
low iron levels at birth because of maternal deficiency and a diet consisting mainly of
cow's milk (low in absorbable iron)
Clinical Course of Infectious Mononucleosis
-onset is insidious
-incubation period (from exposure to the development of symptoms) 4-6 weeks
-prodromal period (early stage/symptom presentation) lasts for several days and
characterized by malaise, anorexia, and chills--> precedes onset of fever, pharyngitis,
and lymphadenopathy
, -acute phase lasts 2-3 weeks with recovery occurring rapidly
-debility and lethargy may persist for 2-3 months
most common complication of infectious mononucleosis
splenomegaly (50-60% cases)
spleen enlarged 2-3 times normal size
rupture is rare; educate to avoid contact sports
diagnosing infectious mononucleosis
monospot testing for heterophile antibodies (hallmark)
IgM and IgG increased early in disease
Manifestations of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
-painless enlargement of single node or group of nodes (typically at level of diaphragm:
neck, supraclavicular, axilla)
-mediastinal mass (c/o chest discomfort with cough or dyspnea)
-fever, chills, night sweats, and weight loss
-pruritus and intermittent night fevers
Diagnosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Reed-Sternberg cells present in biopsy of lymph tissue
-bipedal lymphangiogram detects structural changes of lymph nodes too small to see on
CT
-bilateral bone marrow biopsy performed on patient's suspected of disseminated
diseases
Treatment of Hodgkin's Lymphoma
localized disease is treated with radiation
advanced disease may use combined approach of radiation, chemotherapy, and
biotherapy
Definition of preload
aka ventricular filling; considered the end-diastolic pressure when the ventricle has been
filled
