1 | Page
Maryville NURS 611 patho exam 1 Questions
and Correct Answers
Apoptosis Ans: — A programmed cell death that is regulated or
programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted
cell populations
Necrosis Ans: — Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure,
organelle swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis
(especially the kidney and heart) Ans: — hypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? Ans: — ischemia
Main component of a cell Ans: — nucleus
What does the nucleus contain? Ans: — nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of? Ans: — RNA, most of cellular
DNA, DNA binding proteins, and histones
Why are histone important? Ans: — histones bind to DNA and fold
it into chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell
division
What are ribosomes? Ans: — RNA-protein complexes
(nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted
into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called
nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found? Ans: — cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function? Ans: — provides sits for
cellular protein synthesis
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 2 | Page
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? Ans: — a network of
flatten, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near
the nucleus of the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do? Ans: — takes proteins from the
ER and processes/packages them into small membrane-bound
vesicles called "secretory vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in
the cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do? Ans: — maintain
cellular health by removal of toxic cellular components, removal of
useless organelles, termination of signal transduction, and signals
cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? Ans: — leads to progressive
loss of lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative
capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate? Ans: —
nutrient abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will
translate them into instructions that regulate cellular metabolism
toward either proliferation or inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? Ans: — cellular respiration,
cellular metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? Ans: —
enzymes of the respiratory chain and are essential to the process
of oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1),
involve what two things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)?
Ans: — 1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 3 | Page
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form
metabolic dearangements? Ans: — carbs, proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy? Ans: — occurs in early development.
ex: thymus glad during childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? Ans: — occurs as a result of decreases
in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal
stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to
decreased hormonal stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for
a prolonged time
what is hypertrophy? Ans: — increase in cell size
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? Ans: —
hypertrophy of myocardial cells from endurance training
example of pathologic hypertrophy Ans: — cardiomegaly in a
hypertensive patient
What is hyperplasia? Ans: — increase in the number of cells
example of compensatory hyperplasia? Ans: — regeneration of the
liver
example of pathological hyperplasia Ans: — endometrial tissue
example of hormonal hyperplasia Ans: — enlargement of the
uterus during pregnancy
What is metaplasia? Ans: — replacement of the cells
example of metaplasia Ans: — normal columnar ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial lining being replaced by squamous cells. can
be reversed if irritant stopped
© 2025 All rights reserved
Maryville NURS 611 patho exam 1 Questions
and Correct Answers
Apoptosis Ans: — A programmed cell death that is regulated or
programmed. Cellular self-destruction for elimination or unwanted
cell populations
Necrosis Ans: — Rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure,
organelle swelling, mitochondria dysfunction
What is the #1 cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis
(especially the kidney and heart) Ans: — hypoxia
What is the #1 cause of hypoxia? Ans: — ischemia
Main component of a cell Ans: — nucleus
What does the nucleus contain? Ans: — nucleolus
What is the nucleolus composed of? Ans: — RNA, most of cellular
DNA, DNA binding proteins, and histones
Why are histone important? Ans: — histones bind to DNA and fold
it into chromosomes (chromatin) which is essential for cell
division
What are ribosomes? Ans: — RNA-protein complexes
(nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted
into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called
nuclear pore complexes (NPCs)
Where can ribosomes be found? Ans: — cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function? Ans: — provides sits for
cellular protein synthesis
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 2 | Page
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? Ans: — a network of
flatten, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near
the nucleus of the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do? Ans: — takes proteins from the
ER and processes/packages them into small membrane-bound
vesicles called "secretory vesicles, and refines and directs traffic in
the cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do? Ans: — maintain
cellular health by removal of toxic cellular components, removal of
useless organelles, termination of signal transduction, and signals
cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? Ans: — leads to progressive
loss of lysosomal efficiency which declines the regenerative
capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate? Ans: —
nutrient abundance, energy levels, and cell stressors and will
translate them into instructions that regulate cellular metabolism
toward either proliferation or inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? Ans: — cellular respiration,
cellular metabolism , and energy production
What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? Ans: —
enzymes of the respiratory chain and are essential to the process
of oxidative phosphorylation that generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1),
involve what two things (2), and metabolizes what three things (3)?
Ans: — 1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 3 | Page
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form
metabolic dearangements? Ans: — carbs, proteins, and lipids
What is physiologic atrophy? Ans: — occurs in early development.
ex: thymus glad during childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? Ans: — occurs as a result of decreases
in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal
stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to
decreased hormonal stimulation. and an pt immobilized in bed for
a prolonged time
what is hypertrophy? Ans: — increase in cell size
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? Ans: —
hypertrophy of myocardial cells from endurance training
example of pathologic hypertrophy Ans: — cardiomegaly in a
hypertensive patient
What is hyperplasia? Ans: — increase in the number of cells
example of compensatory hyperplasia? Ans: — regeneration of the
liver
example of pathological hyperplasia Ans: — endometrial tissue
example of hormonal hyperplasia Ans: — enlargement of the
uterus during pregnancy
What is metaplasia? Ans: — replacement of the cells
example of metaplasia Ans: — normal columnar ciliated epithelial
cells of the bronchial lining being replaced by squamous cells. can
be reversed if irritant stopped
© 2025 All rights reserved
