Human Growth and Development Midterm
Study Guide (Chapters 1-8)
What is the lifespan perspective? -
☑️ -development throughout the entire life (not just childhood, etc.)
-Change from conception to death
Define human development. -
☑️ change over time
Define the science of human development. -
☑️ seeks to understand:
- how and why all kinds of people change over time
- how and why they remain the same
- the generalities and the specifics
What are the 5 characteristics of the lifespan perspective? -
☑️ -Multidirectional: Each aspect of life is multidirectional
-Multicontextual: many contexts influence development (historical, socioeconomic, & cultural)
-Multicultural: each culture has its own set of values, traditions, and tools for living
-Multidisciplinary: borrow from many disciplines
-Plasticity: capacity to change
What is meant by nature-nurture? -
☑️ -Nature refers to the influence of genes which we inherit.
-Nurture refers to environmental influences, such as:
-health and diet of the embryo's mother
-family
-school
-community
-society
What is the scientific method? -
☑️ general way to seek evidence to answer question, involving four basic steps and
sometimes a fifth
What are the basic steps of the scientific method? -
☑️ 1. formulate a research question
2. develop a hypothesis in such a way it can be tested and either confirmed or refuted
3. test the hypothesis
4. draw conclusions
5. make findings available
What are teratogens? -
☑️ substances and conditions that can impair prenatal development and result in birth
defects or even death
, What are the 3 main periods of prenatal development? -
☑️ 1. Germinal Period (1st two weeks after conception)
2. Embryonic Period (3rd through 8th week)
3. Fetal Period (9th week until birth)
What major events occur in the Germinal Period? -
☑️ •Zygote begins duplication and division within hours of conception
•Development of the placenta
•Implantation (about 10 days after conception)
What major events occur in the Embryonic Period? -
☑️ •Begins when the primitive streak appears down the middle of the cell mass
•Primitive streak becomes the neural tube and later the brain and spinal column
•Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth form
•Heart begins to pulsate
•Extremities develop and webbed fingers and toes separate
What major events occur in the Fetal Period? -
☑️ •Genitals form and sex hormones cause differences brain organization
•Cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth
•Heartbeat detectable via stethoscope
•Cortex is not fully mature at birth
•Brain at birth is biggest part of baby
What is meant by age of viability? -
☑️ • Age at which a preterm newborn may survive outside the womb with medical care
• About 22 weeks after conception
• Brain is able to regulate basic body functions
What does the Apgar assess? -
☑️ -newborn's heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes 1 and 5 minutes after
birth
-Desired score: 7 (total) or above
What are the reflexes of the newborn? -
☑️ • maintain oxygen supply (breathing)
• maintain body temperature (crying, kicking)
• manage feeding (rooting and sucking)
• swallowing aids feeding
• spitting up if too much has been swallowed
• crying when stomach empty
• Babinski reflex. When feet are stroked, their toes fan upward.
• Stepping reflex. When held upright with feet touching a flat surface, infants move their legs as if
to walk.
• Swimming reflex. When laid horizontally on their stomachs, infants stretch out their arms and
legs.
• Palmar grasping reflex. When something touches infants' palms, they grip it tightly.
• Moro reflex. When someone startles them, infants fling their arms outward and then bring them
together on their chests, as if to hold on to something, while crying with wide-open eyes.
Define/describe the sensory abilities of the newborn. -
Study Guide (Chapters 1-8)
What is the lifespan perspective? -
☑️ -development throughout the entire life (not just childhood, etc.)
-Change from conception to death
Define human development. -
☑️ change over time
Define the science of human development. -
☑️ seeks to understand:
- how and why all kinds of people change over time
- how and why they remain the same
- the generalities and the specifics
What are the 5 characteristics of the lifespan perspective? -
☑️ -Multidirectional: Each aspect of life is multidirectional
-Multicontextual: many contexts influence development (historical, socioeconomic, & cultural)
-Multicultural: each culture has its own set of values, traditions, and tools for living
-Multidisciplinary: borrow from many disciplines
-Plasticity: capacity to change
What is meant by nature-nurture? -
☑️ -Nature refers to the influence of genes which we inherit.
-Nurture refers to environmental influences, such as:
-health and diet of the embryo's mother
-family
-school
-community
-society
What is the scientific method? -
☑️ general way to seek evidence to answer question, involving four basic steps and
sometimes a fifth
What are the basic steps of the scientific method? -
☑️ 1. formulate a research question
2. develop a hypothesis in such a way it can be tested and either confirmed or refuted
3. test the hypothesis
4. draw conclusions
5. make findings available
What are teratogens? -
☑️ substances and conditions that can impair prenatal development and result in birth
defects or even death
, What are the 3 main periods of prenatal development? -
☑️ 1. Germinal Period (1st two weeks after conception)
2. Embryonic Period (3rd through 8th week)
3. Fetal Period (9th week until birth)
What major events occur in the Germinal Period? -
☑️ •Zygote begins duplication and division within hours of conception
•Development of the placenta
•Implantation (about 10 days after conception)
What major events occur in the Embryonic Period? -
☑️ •Begins when the primitive streak appears down the middle of the cell mass
•Primitive streak becomes the neural tube and later the brain and spinal column
•Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth form
•Heart begins to pulsate
•Extremities develop and webbed fingers and toes separate
What major events occur in the Fetal Period? -
☑️ •Genitals form and sex hormones cause differences brain organization
•Cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth
•Heartbeat detectable via stethoscope
•Cortex is not fully mature at birth
•Brain at birth is biggest part of baby
What is meant by age of viability? -
☑️ • Age at which a preterm newborn may survive outside the womb with medical care
• About 22 weeks after conception
• Brain is able to regulate basic body functions
What does the Apgar assess? -
☑️ -newborn's heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes 1 and 5 minutes after
birth
-Desired score: 7 (total) or above
What are the reflexes of the newborn? -
☑️ • maintain oxygen supply (breathing)
• maintain body temperature (crying, kicking)
• manage feeding (rooting and sucking)
• swallowing aids feeding
• spitting up if too much has been swallowed
• crying when stomach empty
• Babinski reflex. When feet are stroked, their toes fan upward.
• Stepping reflex. When held upright with feet touching a flat surface, infants move their legs as if
to walk.
• Swimming reflex. When laid horizontally on their stomachs, infants stretch out their arms and
legs.
• Palmar grasping reflex. When something touches infants' palms, they grip it tightly.
• Moro reflex. When someone startles them, infants fling their arms outward and then bring them
together on their chests, as if to hold on to something, while crying with wide-open eyes.
Define/describe the sensory abilities of the newborn. -
