UPDATED NURS 5315 ADV PATHO EXAM 1 2026
QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS
◉ E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size
of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage
or partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by
increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of
production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes.
uterine or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy Answer:
Hyperplasia
◉ E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape,
organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell
growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly
proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
,Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show
dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Answer: Dysplasia
◉ E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for
survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors,
injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus
induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of
cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of
smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are
replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett
Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial
cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia Answer:
Metaplasia
◉ E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy Answer:
Hypoxia injury
◉ E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the
mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
,P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Answer: Free radical and ROS
◉ E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional
status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine,
PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads
to liver failure irreversible Answer: Ethanol
◉ Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in
weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever,
hypocalcemia, certain infections Answer: Oncosis
◉ Liver and germ cell tumors Answer: Alpha Fetoprotein Origin
◉ GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors Answer: Carcinoembryonic
Antigen
◉ prostate tumors Answer: Prostate Specific Antigen
◉ from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma Answer: Carcino-
, ◉ from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma Answer: Sarco-
◉ preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous
cells- cervix Answer: Carcinoma in situ
◉ Multiple organs including brain Answer: Lung ca metastasis
◉ Liver, lungs Answer: Colorectal ca metastasis
◉ Liver, lungs, brain Answer: Testicular ca metastasis
◉ Bones (especially lumbar spine), liver Answer: Prostate ca
metastasis
◉ Liver, bones, lymphatics Answer: Head and neck ca metastasis
◉ Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum, liver Answer: Ovarian
ca metastasis
◉ Lungs Answer: Sarcoma metastasis
◉ In transit lymphatics, lung, liver, brain, GI tract Answer: Melanoma
metastasis
QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS
◉ E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division) must occur, size
of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage
or partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by
increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of
production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes.
uterine or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy Answer:
Hyperplasia
◉ E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size, shape,
organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell
growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly
proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
,Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show
dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
Answer: Dysplasia
◉ E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to another type for
survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors,
injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus
induces a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of
cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of
smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are
replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett
Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial
cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia Answer:
Metaplasia
◉ E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy Answer:
Hypoxia injury
◉ E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the
mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
,P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Answer: Free radical and ROS
◉ E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional
status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine,
PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads
to liver failure irreversible Answer: Ethanol
◉ Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in
weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever,
hypocalcemia, certain infections Answer: Oncosis
◉ Liver and germ cell tumors Answer: Alpha Fetoprotein Origin
◉ GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors Answer: Carcinoembryonic
Antigen
◉ prostate tumors Answer: Prostate Specific Antigen
◉ from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma Answer: Carcino-
, ◉ from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma Answer: Sarco-
◉ preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous
cells- cervix Answer: Carcinoma in situ
◉ Multiple organs including brain Answer: Lung ca metastasis
◉ Liver, lungs Answer: Colorectal ca metastasis
◉ Liver, lungs, brain Answer: Testicular ca metastasis
◉ Bones (especially lumbar spine), liver Answer: Prostate ca
metastasis
◉ Liver, bones, lymphatics Answer: Head and neck ca metastasis
◉ Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum, liver Answer: Ovarian
ca metastasis
◉ Lungs Answer: Sarcoma metastasis
◉ In transit lymphatics, lung, liver, brain, GI tract Answer: Melanoma
metastasis
