NUR 229 Final Exam Questions and
Quality Verified Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
What cells are destroyed in Type 1 DM? - Answer beta cells
What can cause beta cells to be destroyed in Type 1 DM? - Answer -Genetic predisposition
-Autoimmunity
-Environmental, Viral
How is autoimmunity correlated with Type 1 DM? - Answer The T lymphocyte cells attack the
beta cells (which produce insulin) so when it is destroyed we are not producing enough insulin
and there's an insulin deficiency
What does the beta cells being destroyed result in? - Answer a decreased insulin production
and an increased glucose production.
When there is a decreased insulin production and increased glucose production what happens?
- Answer since there is no insulin being produced it can't take glucose out of the blood and put
into the cells to use for energy.
Can glucose be stored in the liver? - Answer No, so glucose remains in the bloodstream when
there is an insulin deficiency.
Can kidneys reabsorb glucose? - Answer No they cannot therefore we need to pee it out which
leads to glycosuria
What is glycosuria? - Answer presence of glucose in the urine
When glucose can't be broken down and used for energy what occurs? - Answer fat
breakdown
what does fat breakdown result in? - Answer ketone bodies
,What percentage of people with diabetes have Type 1? - Answer About 5-10%
What age is at risk for developing Type 1 DM? - Answer Those younger than 30 years old.
What age is at risk for developing Type 2 DM? - Answer Those older than 30 years old.
What are some risk factors for DM? - Answer -HDL levels less than 35mg/dL
-Triglyceride levels more than 250 mg/dL
-Hx of gestational diabetes.
-Delivery of baby greater than 9 pounds
-HYPERTENSION
-1st degree Family hx (parents/siblings)
-OBESITY (BMI >30)
-African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders
What is the biggest risk factor in developing Type 2 DM? - Answer Obesity; being more than
20% over desired body weight or BMI greater than or equal to 30
What do clinical manifestations of DM depend on? - Answer the level of hyperglycemia. The
higher the level of BS the more prominent symptoms will be shown.
What are the Clinical Manifestations of DM? - Answer -"3 P's"
-Fatigue/Weakness
-Vision Changes
-Neuropathy in hands or feet.
-Dry skin.
-Skin lesions/wounds SLOW TO HEAL.
-Recurrent Infections (like vaginal infections in women)
-Blurred Vision (if BS really high)
-Irritability
What are the "Three P's" of Type 2 DM? - Answer -Polyuria (increased urination)
, What clinical manifestations may occur in Type 1 DM? - Answer May have sudden weight loss,
dehydration.
What is the main goal when managing DM? - Answer to normalize insulin activity and blood
glucose levels to reduce the development of complications.
What does the ADA recommend an HgbA1c to be for those diagnosed with diabetes? - Answer
less than 7%
What are the blood glucose targets in the hospital? - Answer 140-180 mg/dL; though may vary
per policy. Higher than normal target BG because being in the hospital can cause stress and
anxiety which can raise BG levels
What are the five components related to Diabetes management? - Answer -Medical
Nutritional Therapy (Diet)
-Exercise
-Monitoring BG levels
-Pharmacologic Therapy
-Education
Why is it important to exercise with DM? - Answer -Lower blood sugar
-Aids in weight loss, easing stress, and maintaining a feeling of well-being.
-Lowers cardiovascular risk.
How does exercising lower blood sugar? - Answer It decreases insulin resistance and the need
for insulin.
What should a patient on exogenous insulin do before moderate exercise to prevent
hypoglycemia? - Answer since insulin normally decreases with exercise; pt should eat a snack
with 15g carbohydrate and a protein before.
What should be adjusted due to exercise lowering blood sugar levels? - Answer Insulin must
be adjusted.
Quality Verified Answers 2025-2026
Updated.
What cells are destroyed in Type 1 DM? - Answer beta cells
What can cause beta cells to be destroyed in Type 1 DM? - Answer -Genetic predisposition
-Autoimmunity
-Environmental, Viral
How is autoimmunity correlated with Type 1 DM? - Answer The T lymphocyte cells attack the
beta cells (which produce insulin) so when it is destroyed we are not producing enough insulin
and there's an insulin deficiency
What does the beta cells being destroyed result in? - Answer a decreased insulin production
and an increased glucose production.
When there is a decreased insulin production and increased glucose production what happens?
- Answer since there is no insulin being produced it can't take glucose out of the blood and put
into the cells to use for energy.
Can glucose be stored in the liver? - Answer No, so glucose remains in the bloodstream when
there is an insulin deficiency.
Can kidneys reabsorb glucose? - Answer No they cannot therefore we need to pee it out which
leads to glycosuria
What is glycosuria? - Answer presence of glucose in the urine
When glucose can't be broken down and used for energy what occurs? - Answer fat
breakdown
what does fat breakdown result in? - Answer ketone bodies
,What percentage of people with diabetes have Type 1? - Answer About 5-10%
What age is at risk for developing Type 1 DM? - Answer Those younger than 30 years old.
What age is at risk for developing Type 2 DM? - Answer Those older than 30 years old.
What are some risk factors for DM? - Answer -HDL levels less than 35mg/dL
-Triglyceride levels more than 250 mg/dL
-Hx of gestational diabetes.
-Delivery of baby greater than 9 pounds
-HYPERTENSION
-1st degree Family hx (parents/siblings)
-OBESITY (BMI >30)
-African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders
What is the biggest risk factor in developing Type 2 DM? - Answer Obesity; being more than
20% over desired body weight or BMI greater than or equal to 30
What do clinical manifestations of DM depend on? - Answer the level of hyperglycemia. The
higher the level of BS the more prominent symptoms will be shown.
What are the Clinical Manifestations of DM? - Answer -"3 P's"
-Fatigue/Weakness
-Vision Changes
-Neuropathy in hands or feet.
-Dry skin.
-Skin lesions/wounds SLOW TO HEAL.
-Recurrent Infections (like vaginal infections in women)
-Blurred Vision (if BS really high)
-Irritability
What are the "Three P's" of Type 2 DM? - Answer -Polyuria (increased urination)
, What clinical manifestations may occur in Type 1 DM? - Answer May have sudden weight loss,
dehydration.
What is the main goal when managing DM? - Answer to normalize insulin activity and blood
glucose levels to reduce the development of complications.
What does the ADA recommend an HgbA1c to be for those diagnosed with diabetes? - Answer
less than 7%
What are the blood glucose targets in the hospital? - Answer 140-180 mg/dL; though may vary
per policy. Higher than normal target BG because being in the hospital can cause stress and
anxiety which can raise BG levels
What are the five components related to Diabetes management? - Answer -Medical
Nutritional Therapy (Diet)
-Exercise
-Monitoring BG levels
-Pharmacologic Therapy
-Education
Why is it important to exercise with DM? - Answer -Lower blood sugar
-Aids in weight loss, easing stress, and maintaining a feeling of well-being.
-Lowers cardiovascular risk.
How does exercising lower blood sugar? - Answer It decreases insulin resistance and the need
for insulin.
What should a patient on exogenous insulin do before moderate exercise to prevent
hypoglycemia? - Answer since insulin normally decreases with exercise; pt should eat a snack
with 15g carbohydrate and a protein before.
What should be adjusted due to exercise lowering blood sugar levels? - Answer Insulin must
be adjusted.
