BSC 2010 Exam 2 Study Guide
Questions and Correct Answers 2025-
2026 Edition.
Cell Fractionation - Answer -Takes cells apart and separate the major organelles from one
another
-Centrifuges fractionate cells into their component parts
How has Cell Fractionation furthered our understanding of the structure of cells? - Answer -
Enables researchers to prepare specific cell components in bulk and identify their functions
-Enable scientist to the determine the functions of organelles
-Biochemistry and cytology help correlate cell function with structure
Plasma Membrane - Answer -A selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen,
nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell
-General structure of biological membrane = double layer of phospholipids
The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is of which types of cells? - Answer
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cells - Answer -Only organism of the domains bacteria and archaea
-No nucleus
-DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
-No membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic Cells - Answer -Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
-Have DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
-Cytoplasm = region between the nucleus and plasma membrane
-Has membrane-bound organelles suspended in cytosol
-Generally much larger than prokaryotic cells
Basic Feature of all Cells - Answer -Plasma membrane
,Nucleus - Answer Contains (most) of a cell's genes and is usually the most conspicuous
organelle
Nuclear Envelope - Answer -Encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm
-The nuclear envelope is a double member in which each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer
*A double membrane includes 2 lipid bilayers
Ribosomes - Answer -Particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein
-Are the sites of protein synthesis
-Found in two locations: 1) In the cytosol (free ribosomes) 2) On the outside of the endoplasmic
reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)
The Endomembrane System - Answer -The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells
Components:
-Nuclear Envelope
-Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Golgi apparatus
-Lysosomes
-Vacuoles
-Plasma membrane
*These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Answer -Accounts for more than half of the total membrane
in many eukaryotic cells
-Separates the internal compartment of the ER, called the cisternal space, from the cytosol
-Is continuous with the nuclear envelope
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Answer -Lacks ribosomes
-Synthesizes lipids
-Metabolizes carbohydrates
-Detoxifies drugs and poisons
-Stores calcium ion
, -Is a membrane factory for the cell
Golgi Apparatus - Answer -Shipping and receiving center
-Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cistern
-Modifies products of the ER
-Sorts and packages material into transport vesicles
Cis face - Answer -Receiving side of the Golgi apparatus
-Located near the ER
Trans face - Answer Shipping side of the Golgi apparatus
Lysosome - Answer -A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
Lysosome Enzymes - Answer -Can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
-Work best in the acidic environment insides the lysosome
Phagocytosis - Answer -Some types of cells can engulf another cell
-Forms a food vacuole
-A lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules
Autography - Answer -Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell's own organelles and
macromolecules
Mitochondria - Answer -The sites of cellular respiration
-A metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP
-Has a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae
-The inner membrane creates the intermembrane (region between inner and outer
membranes) and mitochondrial matrix (enclosed by the inner membrane)
Chloroplasts - Answer -Found in plants and algae
-The sites of photosynthesis
Questions and Correct Answers 2025-
2026 Edition.
Cell Fractionation - Answer -Takes cells apart and separate the major organelles from one
another
-Centrifuges fractionate cells into their component parts
How has Cell Fractionation furthered our understanding of the structure of cells? - Answer -
Enables researchers to prepare specific cell components in bulk and identify their functions
-Enable scientist to the determine the functions of organelles
-Biochemistry and cytology help correlate cell function with structure
Plasma Membrane - Answer -A selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen,
nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell
-General structure of biological membrane = double layer of phospholipids
The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is of which types of cells? - Answer
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cells - Answer -Only organism of the domains bacteria and archaea
-No nucleus
-DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
-No membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic Cells - Answer -Protists, fungi, animals, and plants
-Have DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
-Cytoplasm = region between the nucleus and plasma membrane
-Has membrane-bound organelles suspended in cytosol
-Generally much larger than prokaryotic cells
Basic Feature of all Cells - Answer -Plasma membrane
,Nucleus - Answer Contains (most) of a cell's genes and is usually the most conspicuous
organelle
Nuclear Envelope - Answer -Encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm
-The nuclear envelope is a double member in which each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer
*A double membrane includes 2 lipid bilayers
Ribosomes - Answer -Particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein
-Are the sites of protein synthesis
-Found in two locations: 1) In the cytosol (free ribosomes) 2) On the outside of the endoplasmic
reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)
The Endomembrane System - Answer -The internal membranes of eukaryotic cells
Components:
-Nuclear Envelope
-Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Golgi apparatus
-Lysosomes
-Vacuoles
-Plasma membrane
*These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Answer -Accounts for more than half of the total membrane
in many eukaryotic cells
-Separates the internal compartment of the ER, called the cisternal space, from the cytosol
-Is continuous with the nuclear envelope
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Answer -Lacks ribosomes
-Synthesizes lipids
-Metabolizes carbohydrates
-Detoxifies drugs and poisons
-Stores calcium ion
, -Is a membrane factory for the cell
Golgi Apparatus - Answer -Shipping and receiving center
-Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cistern
-Modifies products of the ER
-Sorts and packages material into transport vesicles
Cis face - Answer -Receiving side of the Golgi apparatus
-Located near the ER
Trans face - Answer Shipping side of the Golgi apparatus
Lysosome - Answer -A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
Lysosome Enzymes - Answer -Can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
-Work best in the acidic environment insides the lysosome
Phagocytosis - Answer -Some types of cells can engulf another cell
-Forms a food vacuole
-A lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules
Autography - Answer -Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell's own organelles and
macromolecules
Mitochondria - Answer -The sites of cellular respiration
-A metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP
-Has a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae
-The inner membrane creates the intermembrane (region between inner and outer
membranes) and mitochondrial matrix (enclosed by the inner membrane)
Chloroplasts - Answer -Found in plants and algae
-The sites of photosynthesis
