Molecular Biology Exam test quiz
and answers graded A+
Central Dogma - ANS✅✅theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA
to proteins
animal cell - ANS✅✅does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole
Steps of "Central Dogma" of Biology - ANS✅✅1. Transcription. Nuclear DNA directs the synthesis
of specific mRNA molecules.
2. mRNA export. mRNAs exit through nuclear pores and bind to cytoplasmic ribosomes
3. Translation. A ribosome synthesizes the specific protein encoded by the mRNA
primary protein structure - ANS✅✅sequence of a chain of amino acids
organic chemistry - ANS✅✅the study of carbon-containing compounds
Biological Chemistry - ANS✅✅(biochemistry) is the study of the chemistry of living systems
Covalent bonds - ANS✅✅the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms
Single bonds - ANS✅✅sharing one pair of electrons between two atoms
double and triple bonds - ANS✅✅involve two atoms sharing two and three pairs of electrons,
respectively
Whether carbon atoms form single, double, or triple bonds with other atoms, the total number of
covalent bonds per carbon atom is _____. - ANS✅✅four
bond energy - ANS✅✅- how stability is expressed
- the amount of energy required to break 1 mole (~6 x 10^23) of such bonds
- cal/mol
,Negatively charged groups - ANS✅✅carboxyl and phosphate
Positively charged group - ANS✅✅amino
Neutral but polar groups - ANS✅✅hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carbonyl, and aldehyde
Polar bonds - ANS✅✅(such as those in water) electrons are not shared equally between two
atoms
Polar bonds have ____ water solubility compared to C-C or C-H bonds, in which electrons are _____.
- ANS✅✅high; shared equally
C-C or C-H bonds are _____. - ANS✅✅non-polar
polarity - ANS✅✅unequal distribution of electrons gives water this
solvent - ANS✅✅fluid in which another substance can dissolve
Solute - ANS✅✅the substance that is dissolved
hydrophilic - ANS✅✅solutes that have an affinity for water and dissolve in it easily are "water-
loving"
Hydrophobic - ANS✅✅molecules not easily soluble in water- such as lipids and proteins in
membranes are "water-fearing"
The cellular membrane - ANS✅✅is a hydrophobic permeability barrier
amphipathic - ANS✅✅having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region (membrane
lipids are this)
lipid bilayer - ANS✅✅a double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes
, macromolecules - ANS✅✅most cellular structures are made of ordered arrays of linear polymers
Monomers - ANS✅✅building blocks of polymers
self-assembly - ANS✅✅states that information needed to specify the folding of macromolecules
and their interactions to form complex structures is inherent in the polymers themselves
non-covalent bonds and interactions - ANS✅✅hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der waals,
hydrophobic interactions
polypeptide - ANS✅✅the immediate product of amino acid polymerization
conformation - ANS✅✅once the polypeptide has assumed its correct 3-D structure; called a
protein
Do oil and water mix? - ANS✅✅No, hydrophobic (oily) molecules will associate
steric hinderance - ANS✅✅two things can't be at the same place at the same time
Covalent bonds ____ (greater than or less than) hydrogen bonds - ANS✅✅>
oil and water - ANS✅✅do not mix; heterogeneous
Non-polar molecules are - ANS✅✅oily, or hydrophobic. They prefer other hydrophobic molecules
Polar molecules (charged molecules) are - ANS✅✅hydrophilic, or they like water
like charges ____ each other. - ANS✅✅repel (e.i. Neg and Neg)
positively charged molecules are attracted to - ANS✅✅negatively charged ones.
and answers graded A+
Central Dogma - ANS✅✅theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA
to proteins
animal cell - ANS✅✅does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and a small vacuole
Steps of "Central Dogma" of Biology - ANS✅✅1. Transcription. Nuclear DNA directs the synthesis
of specific mRNA molecules.
2. mRNA export. mRNAs exit through nuclear pores and bind to cytoplasmic ribosomes
3. Translation. A ribosome synthesizes the specific protein encoded by the mRNA
primary protein structure - ANS✅✅sequence of a chain of amino acids
organic chemistry - ANS✅✅the study of carbon-containing compounds
Biological Chemistry - ANS✅✅(biochemistry) is the study of the chemistry of living systems
Covalent bonds - ANS✅✅the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms
Single bonds - ANS✅✅sharing one pair of electrons between two atoms
double and triple bonds - ANS✅✅involve two atoms sharing two and three pairs of electrons,
respectively
Whether carbon atoms form single, double, or triple bonds with other atoms, the total number of
covalent bonds per carbon atom is _____. - ANS✅✅four
bond energy - ANS✅✅- how stability is expressed
- the amount of energy required to break 1 mole (~6 x 10^23) of such bonds
- cal/mol
,Negatively charged groups - ANS✅✅carboxyl and phosphate
Positively charged group - ANS✅✅amino
Neutral but polar groups - ANS✅✅hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carbonyl, and aldehyde
Polar bonds - ANS✅✅(such as those in water) electrons are not shared equally between two
atoms
Polar bonds have ____ water solubility compared to C-C or C-H bonds, in which electrons are _____.
- ANS✅✅high; shared equally
C-C or C-H bonds are _____. - ANS✅✅non-polar
polarity - ANS✅✅unequal distribution of electrons gives water this
solvent - ANS✅✅fluid in which another substance can dissolve
Solute - ANS✅✅the substance that is dissolved
hydrophilic - ANS✅✅solutes that have an affinity for water and dissolve in it easily are "water-
loving"
Hydrophobic - ANS✅✅molecules not easily soluble in water- such as lipids and proteins in
membranes are "water-fearing"
The cellular membrane - ANS✅✅is a hydrophobic permeability barrier
amphipathic - ANS✅✅having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region (membrane
lipids are this)
lipid bilayer - ANS✅✅a double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes
, macromolecules - ANS✅✅most cellular structures are made of ordered arrays of linear polymers
Monomers - ANS✅✅building blocks of polymers
self-assembly - ANS✅✅states that information needed to specify the folding of macromolecules
and their interactions to form complex structures is inherent in the polymers themselves
non-covalent bonds and interactions - ANS✅✅hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der waals,
hydrophobic interactions
polypeptide - ANS✅✅the immediate product of amino acid polymerization
conformation - ANS✅✅once the polypeptide has assumed its correct 3-D structure; called a
protein
Do oil and water mix? - ANS✅✅No, hydrophobic (oily) molecules will associate
steric hinderance - ANS✅✅two things can't be at the same place at the same time
Covalent bonds ____ (greater than or less than) hydrogen bonds - ANS✅✅>
oil and water - ANS✅✅do not mix; heterogeneous
Non-polar molecules are - ANS✅✅oily, or hydrophobic. They prefer other hydrophobic molecules
Polar molecules (charged molecules) are - ANS✅✅hydrophilic, or they like water
like charges ____ each other. - ANS✅✅repel (e.i. Neg and Neg)
positively charged molecules are attracted to - ANS✅✅negatively charged ones.
