Molecular Biology Exam test
questions and answers graded A+
Base pair - ANS✅✅Two complementary nucleotides in an RNA and a DNA molecule that are held
together by hydrogen bonds.
Cell cycle - ANS✅✅The orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and
divides into two.
Centromere - ANS✅✅Specialized DNA sequence that allows duplicated chromosomes to be
separated during M phase; can be seen as the constricted region of a mitotic chromosome.
Chromatin - ANS✅✅Complex of DNA and proteins that makes up the chromosomes in a eukaryotic
cell.
Chromatin-remodeling complex - ANS✅✅Enzyme that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to alter
the arrangement of nucleosomes in eukaryotic chromosomes, changing the accessibility of the
underlying DNA to other proteins, including those involved in transcription.
Chromosome - ANS✅✅Long, threadlike structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries the
genetic information of an organism; becomes visible as a distinct entity when a plant or animal cell
prepares to divide.
Complementary - ANS✅✅Describes two molecular surfaces that fit together closely and form
noncovalent bonds with each other.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - ANS✅✅Double-stranded polynucleotide formed from two separate
chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units. It serves as the cell's store of genetic
information that is transmitted from generation to generation.
Double helix - ANS✅✅The typical structure of a DNA molecule in which the two complementary
polynucleotide strands are wound around each other with base-pairing between the strands.
, Euchromatin - ANS✅✅One of the two main states in which chromatin exists within an interphase
cell. Prevalent in gene-rich area, its less compacted structure allows access for proteins involved in
transcription.
Gene - ANS✅✅Unit of heredity containing the instructions that dictate the characteristics or
phenotype of an organism; in molecular terms, a segment of DNA that directs the production of a
protein or functional RNA molecule.
Gene expression - ANS✅✅The process by which a gene makes a product that is useful to the cell
or organism by directing the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecules with a characteristic activity.
Genetic code - ANS✅✅Set of rules by which the information contained in the nucleotide sequence
of a gene and its corresponding RNA molecule is translated into the amino acid sequence in a
protein.
Genome - ANS✅✅The total genetic information carried by all the chromosomes of a cell or
organism.
Heterochromatin - ANS✅✅Highly condensed region of an interphase chromosome; generally
gene-poor and transcriptionally inactive.
Histone - ANS✅✅One of a group of abundant highly conserved proteins around which DNA wraps
to form nucleosomes, structures that represent the most fundamental level of chromatin packing.
Karyotype - ANS✅✅An ordered display of the full set of chromosomes of a cell arranged with
respect to size, shape, and number.
Nucleolus - ANS✅✅Large structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and
ribosomal subunits are assembled.
Replication origin - ANS✅✅Nucleotide sequence at which DNA replication is initiated.
Telomere gene - ANS✅✅Repetitive nucleotide sequence that caps the ends of linear
chromosomes. Counteracts the tendency of the chromosome otherwise to shorten with each round
of replication.
questions and answers graded A+
Base pair - ANS✅✅Two complementary nucleotides in an RNA and a DNA molecule that are held
together by hydrogen bonds.
Cell cycle - ANS✅✅The orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and
divides into two.
Centromere - ANS✅✅Specialized DNA sequence that allows duplicated chromosomes to be
separated during M phase; can be seen as the constricted region of a mitotic chromosome.
Chromatin - ANS✅✅Complex of DNA and proteins that makes up the chromosomes in a eukaryotic
cell.
Chromatin-remodeling complex - ANS✅✅Enzyme that uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to alter
the arrangement of nucleosomes in eukaryotic chromosomes, changing the accessibility of the
underlying DNA to other proteins, including those involved in transcription.
Chromosome - ANS✅✅Long, threadlike structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries the
genetic information of an organism; becomes visible as a distinct entity when a plant or animal cell
prepares to divide.
Complementary - ANS✅✅Describes two molecular surfaces that fit together closely and form
noncovalent bonds with each other.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - ANS✅✅Double-stranded polynucleotide formed from two separate
chains of covalently linked deoxyribonucleotide units. It serves as the cell's store of genetic
information that is transmitted from generation to generation.
Double helix - ANS✅✅The typical structure of a DNA molecule in which the two complementary
polynucleotide strands are wound around each other with base-pairing between the strands.
, Euchromatin - ANS✅✅One of the two main states in which chromatin exists within an interphase
cell. Prevalent in gene-rich area, its less compacted structure allows access for proteins involved in
transcription.
Gene - ANS✅✅Unit of heredity containing the instructions that dictate the characteristics or
phenotype of an organism; in molecular terms, a segment of DNA that directs the production of a
protein or functional RNA molecule.
Gene expression - ANS✅✅The process by which a gene makes a product that is useful to the cell
or organism by directing the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecules with a characteristic activity.
Genetic code - ANS✅✅Set of rules by which the information contained in the nucleotide sequence
of a gene and its corresponding RNA molecule is translated into the amino acid sequence in a
protein.
Genome - ANS✅✅The total genetic information carried by all the chromosomes of a cell or
organism.
Heterochromatin - ANS✅✅Highly condensed region of an interphase chromosome; generally
gene-poor and transcriptionally inactive.
Histone - ANS✅✅One of a group of abundant highly conserved proteins around which DNA wraps
to form nucleosomes, structures that represent the most fundamental level of chromatin packing.
Karyotype - ANS✅✅An ordered display of the full set of chromosomes of a cell arranged with
respect to size, shape, and number.
Nucleolus - ANS✅✅Large structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and
ribosomal subunits are assembled.
Replication origin - ANS✅✅Nucleotide sequence at which DNA replication is initiated.
Telomere gene - ANS✅✅Repetitive nucleotide sequence that caps the ends of linear
chromosomes. Counteracts the tendency of the chromosome otherwise to shorten with each round
of replication.
