Molecular Biology Exam questions
and answers graded A+
forensic molecular biology - ANS✅✅the application of molecular biology to the law
forensic science - ANS✅✅the application of science to the law
describe the process of dna to proteins - ANS✅✅DNA -> transcription -> RNA -> translations ->
proteins
nucleotides - ANS✅✅held together by phosphate and sugar backbone
name the nucleotides - ANS✅✅pyramidines: thymine and cytosine
purines: (double-ringed) guanine and adenine
draw a nucleotide - ANS✅✅5' end - phosphate - sugar (base) - phosphate - sugar (base) - 3' end
DNA polymearse - ANS✅✅enzyme that replicates DNA 5' to 3'
describe how hydrogen bonds are affected - ANS✅✅1) denaturation: bonds are broken at 95
degree C
2) renaturation / reannealing: bonds are put back together
hybridization - ANS✅✅process that links nucleotides by hydrogen bonds (A--T, G---C); two strands
combine through this process, creating a double helix
what affects hybridization? - ANS✅✅time, temperature, length, GC content, complexity
what type of reigons on the gene are forensic scientists interested in? - ANS✅✅non-coding
introns - ANS✅✅intervening sequences in gene
, extrons - ANS✅✅protein-coding portions
how many / what type of chromosomes are found and where? - ANS✅✅22 autosomal pairs, 1 sex
pair are found in nucleus; chromosome 1 largest, chromosome 22 smallest
polymorphic - ANS✅✅many forms; used to describe alleles at a locus
short tandem repeat (STR) - ANS✅✅pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and directly
adjacent to each toher
gene - ANS✅✅hereditary unit of DNA on a specific location on a chromosome, codes for certain
characterisitics
how do you name a gene outside the gene? - ANS✅✅chromosome*single copy*where
ex: D5S818 (5th chromosome, single copy, 818 is location)
how do you name a gene inside a gene? - ANS✅✅know what gene and what place
ex: THO1 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
interspread elements - ANS✅✅about 20% repetitive DNA; (most common Alu family); LINES and
SINES
LINES - ANS✅✅long interspread elements; > 500bp
SINES - ANS✅✅short interspread elements; < 500 bp
tandem repetitive - ANS✅✅about 10% repetitive DNA; satellite DNA
minisatellite DNA - ANS✅✅9-64 bp; higher heterozygosity
what are the classes of DNA - ANS✅✅1) junk DNA (introns)
2) satellite (contains repetitive DNA)
and answers graded A+
forensic molecular biology - ANS✅✅the application of molecular biology to the law
forensic science - ANS✅✅the application of science to the law
describe the process of dna to proteins - ANS✅✅DNA -> transcription -> RNA -> translations ->
proteins
nucleotides - ANS✅✅held together by phosphate and sugar backbone
name the nucleotides - ANS✅✅pyramidines: thymine and cytosine
purines: (double-ringed) guanine and adenine
draw a nucleotide - ANS✅✅5' end - phosphate - sugar (base) - phosphate - sugar (base) - 3' end
DNA polymearse - ANS✅✅enzyme that replicates DNA 5' to 3'
describe how hydrogen bonds are affected - ANS✅✅1) denaturation: bonds are broken at 95
degree C
2) renaturation / reannealing: bonds are put back together
hybridization - ANS✅✅process that links nucleotides by hydrogen bonds (A--T, G---C); two strands
combine through this process, creating a double helix
what affects hybridization? - ANS✅✅time, temperature, length, GC content, complexity
what type of reigons on the gene are forensic scientists interested in? - ANS✅✅non-coding
introns - ANS✅✅intervening sequences in gene
, extrons - ANS✅✅protein-coding portions
how many / what type of chromosomes are found and where? - ANS✅✅22 autosomal pairs, 1 sex
pair are found in nucleus; chromosome 1 largest, chromosome 22 smallest
polymorphic - ANS✅✅many forms; used to describe alleles at a locus
short tandem repeat (STR) - ANS✅✅pattern of two or more nucleotides are repeated and directly
adjacent to each toher
gene - ANS✅✅hereditary unit of DNA on a specific location on a chromosome, codes for certain
characterisitics
how do you name a gene outside the gene? - ANS✅✅chromosome*single copy*where
ex: D5S818 (5th chromosome, single copy, 818 is location)
how do you name a gene inside a gene? - ANS✅✅know what gene and what place
ex: THO1 (tyrosine hydroxylase)
interspread elements - ANS✅✅about 20% repetitive DNA; (most common Alu family); LINES and
SINES
LINES - ANS✅✅long interspread elements; > 500bp
SINES - ANS✅✅short interspread elements; < 500 bp
tandem repetitive - ANS✅✅about 10% repetitive DNA; satellite DNA
minisatellite DNA - ANS✅✅9-64 bp; higher heterozygosity
what are the classes of DNA - ANS✅✅1) junk DNA (introns)
2) satellite (contains repetitive DNA)
