SHARP EKG (2025) comprehensive
questions and verified detailed solutions
📌📌- What are the two basic kinds of cardiac
1. myocardial muscle cells
2. myocardial pacemaker cells -
cells?
1. Automaticity
2. Excitability
📌📌- What are the 4 primary cell characteristics?
3. Conductivity
4. Contractility -
📌📌- What are the two major ions that affect cardiac function?
1. sodium
2. potassium -
Potassium - 📌📌- What are the primary ions inside the cell?
Sodium - 📌📌- What are the primary ions outside the cell?
1. membrane channels
2. concentration gradient
📌📌
3. electrical gradient
4. sodium-potassium pump - - Distribution of ions on either side of the
membrane is determined by which several factors?
📌📌
In the upper wall of the right atrium/near the inlet of the superior vena cava -
- Where is the SA node located?
60-100 bpm -📌📌- What is the intrinsic rate of the SA node?
40-60 bpm - 📌📌- Pacemaker cells in the AV junction generate electrical
impulses at what rate?
1. slow conduction of the electrical impulse through the AV node to allow atria to
empty into the ventricles (atrial kick)
📌📌
2. to serve as a back pack pacemaker
3. protect ventricles from fast rates - - What are the 3 functions of the AV
node?
To the bundle of His - 📌📌- After the delay in the AV node, where does the
impulse go?
,30-40 bpm - 📌📌- What is the rate of electrical impulse the Purkinje Fibers
have?
atrial depolarization -📌📌- What does the P wave represent?
during the QRS complex - 📌📌- When does atrial repolarization occur?
ventricular depolarization - 📌📌- What does the QRS wave represent?
early ventricular repolarization - 📌📌- What does the ST segment represent?
ventricular repolarization - 📌📌- What does the T wave represent?
📌📌
the time of *ventricular activity* including both depolarization and repolarization -
- What does the QT interval represent?
📌📌- What are the two refectory phases of the
1. Absolute refractory period
2. Relative refractory period -
cardiac cycle?
📌📌
The cardiac cells are unable to respond to an electrical stimulus (from the onset
of the QRS to the peak of the T wave) - - What is "absolute refractory
period"?
📌📌
The cardiac cells have depolarized sufficiently to respond to a strong stimulus
(peak of T wave to end of T wave) - - What is the "relative refractory
period"?
0.04 - 📌📌- A small square on EKG paper is how long?
0.2 - 📌📌- A big square on EKG paper is how long?
< .10 - 📌📌- How long is a P wave?
0.12-0.20 - 📌📌- What is the duration of the PR interval?
< .10 - 📌📌- What is the duration of the QRS?
1. a electrical impulse that originated in an ectopic site in the ventricles
2. BBB
📌📌
3. an electrical impulse that went thru a accessory conduction pathway that
bypasses the AV node - - What are some causes of a abnormally wide
QRS?
1. STEMI
, 1) NSTEMI
2) Digoxin
3) Hypokalemia
📌📌- What are some causes of ST depression?
4) RBBB or LBBB
5) RVH or LVH -
1. myocardial ischemia
2. acute MI
3. hyperkalemia
4. pericarditis
5. BBB
📌📌- What causes abnormal T waves? (7)
6. subarachnoid hemorrhage
7. ventricular enlargement -
Half of a R-R interval - 📌📌- How long should a normal QT interval be?
Uses a three lead or five lead system - 📌📌- What is hard-wire monitoring?
1. one is placed below the right clavicle at 2nd interspace/right midclavicular line
2. one is place below the left clavicle at 2nd interspace/left midclavicular line
3. one on right lower rib cage (8th interspace/right misclavicular line)
📌📌
4. one on the left lower rib cage (8th interspace/left midclavicular line)
5. one in the chest lead - - How is a 5-lead placed on the chest?
📌📌
observation of a patient's HR and rhythm at a site distant from the patient -
- What is telemetry monitoring?
📌📌
Occasionally absent P wave associated with a loss of QRS complex for that beat
(resume on time after pause) - - What is a sinus block?
basic rhythm doesn't resume on time after pause - 📌📌- What is a sinus arrest?
1. altered automaticity
📌📌
2. triggered activity
3. reentry - - What are the three basic mechanisms responsible for ectopic
beats?
Ectopic sites in the atria - 📌📌- Where do atrial arrhythmias originate from?
PAC & WAP
📌📌
-small, pointed and upright
-small squiggle - - Ectopic P waves in slower atrial rhythms (name the
rhythms and the characteristics of the P wave)
atrial tachycardia and atrial flutter
questions and verified detailed solutions
📌📌- What are the two basic kinds of cardiac
1. myocardial muscle cells
2. myocardial pacemaker cells -
cells?
1. Automaticity
2. Excitability
📌📌- What are the 4 primary cell characteristics?
3. Conductivity
4. Contractility -
📌📌- What are the two major ions that affect cardiac function?
1. sodium
2. potassium -
Potassium - 📌📌- What are the primary ions inside the cell?
Sodium - 📌📌- What are the primary ions outside the cell?
1. membrane channels
2. concentration gradient
📌📌
3. electrical gradient
4. sodium-potassium pump - - Distribution of ions on either side of the
membrane is determined by which several factors?
📌📌
In the upper wall of the right atrium/near the inlet of the superior vena cava -
- Where is the SA node located?
60-100 bpm -📌📌- What is the intrinsic rate of the SA node?
40-60 bpm - 📌📌- Pacemaker cells in the AV junction generate electrical
impulses at what rate?
1. slow conduction of the electrical impulse through the AV node to allow atria to
empty into the ventricles (atrial kick)
📌📌
2. to serve as a back pack pacemaker
3. protect ventricles from fast rates - - What are the 3 functions of the AV
node?
To the bundle of His - 📌📌- After the delay in the AV node, where does the
impulse go?
,30-40 bpm - 📌📌- What is the rate of electrical impulse the Purkinje Fibers
have?
atrial depolarization -📌📌- What does the P wave represent?
during the QRS complex - 📌📌- When does atrial repolarization occur?
ventricular depolarization - 📌📌- What does the QRS wave represent?
early ventricular repolarization - 📌📌- What does the ST segment represent?
ventricular repolarization - 📌📌- What does the T wave represent?
📌📌
the time of *ventricular activity* including both depolarization and repolarization -
- What does the QT interval represent?
📌📌- What are the two refectory phases of the
1. Absolute refractory period
2. Relative refractory period -
cardiac cycle?
📌📌
The cardiac cells are unable to respond to an electrical stimulus (from the onset
of the QRS to the peak of the T wave) - - What is "absolute refractory
period"?
📌📌
The cardiac cells have depolarized sufficiently to respond to a strong stimulus
(peak of T wave to end of T wave) - - What is the "relative refractory
period"?
0.04 - 📌📌- A small square on EKG paper is how long?
0.2 - 📌📌- A big square on EKG paper is how long?
< .10 - 📌📌- How long is a P wave?
0.12-0.20 - 📌📌- What is the duration of the PR interval?
< .10 - 📌📌- What is the duration of the QRS?
1. a electrical impulse that originated in an ectopic site in the ventricles
2. BBB
📌📌
3. an electrical impulse that went thru a accessory conduction pathway that
bypasses the AV node - - What are some causes of a abnormally wide
QRS?
1. STEMI
, 1) NSTEMI
2) Digoxin
3) Hypokalemia
📌📌- What are some causes of ST depression?
4) RBBB or LBBB
5) RVH or LVH -
1. myocardial ischemia
2. acute MI
3. hyperkalemia
4. pericarditis
5. BBB
📌📌- What causes abnormal T waves? (7)
6. subarachnoid hemorrhage
7. ventricular enlargement -
Half of a R-R interval - 📌📌- How long should a normal QT interval be?
Uses a three lead or five lead system - 📌📌- What is hard-wire monitoring?
1. one is placed below the right clavicle at 2nd interspace/right midclavicular line
2. one is place below the left clavicle at 2nd interspace/left midclavicular line
3. one on right lower rib cage (8th interspace/right misclavicular line)
📌📌
4. one on the left lower rib cage (8th interspace/left midclavicular line)
5. one in the chest lead - - How is a 5-lead placed on the chest?
📌📌
observation of a patient's HR and rhythm at a site distant from the patient -
- What is telemetry monitoring?
📌📌
Occasionally absent P wave associated with a loss of QRS complex for that beat
(resume on time after pause) - - What is a sinus block?
basic rhythm doesn't resume on time after pause - 📌📌- What is a sinus arrest?
1. altered automaticity
📌📌
2. triggered activity
3. reentry - - What are the three basic mechanisms responsible for ectopic
beats?
Ectopic sites in the atria - 📌📌- Where do atrial arrhythmias originate from?
PAC & WAP
📌📌
-small, pointed and upright
-small squiggle - - Ectopic P waves in slower atrial rhythms (name the
rhythms and the characteristics of the P wave)
atrial tachycardia and atrial flutter
