Fundamentals QUIZ 2 - FOCUS ON THE HIGHLITED
STUFF. I GOT AN A ON THIS COURSE
FUNDAMENTALS QUIZ 2
Only focus on the highlighted stuff!!!
Digestion Physiology of Digestion:
(Know the content, be able to apply Digestion is the act of the body breaking down food into simple substances
the nursing process and critical that are either absorbed by the bloodstream as nutrients or eliminated by the
body as waste. The human digestive system enables the organs and tissues in
thinking). From ATI Engage 2.0
the body to receive the nutrients they need to function. Once the digestive
Module.
system has broken down food into its component nutrients, those nutrients are
converted into energy for the body’s use. This involuntary process of the body
begins with food consumption. Saliva initiates the process of decomposing
food, with digestion continuing as the food moves through different organs,
propelled by muscular contractions known as peristalsis.
Food from the stomach moves to the small intestine, where it is broken down
further and nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The large intestine
is then responsible for removing water and electrolytes from the remaining
food particles for the body’s use and converting the rest into feces. The
large intestine contains billions of beneficial bacteria that perform this
process. The rectum is a storage area for feces; it is located at the end of
the large intestine. Lastly, feces are expelled through the external opening of
the rectum known as the anus.
Alterations and Manifestations:
● Nausea, vomiting: common in all age groups series (Barium swallow)
● Anorexia (loss of appetite)
● Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): 20% of ind. Exhibit weekly
symptoms of acid reflux
● Hepatitis: over 5 million people living with chronic infection
● Malabsorption
● Maldigestion
● Pancreatitis: Acute: 100k Chronic: 8.2 case per 100k
● Pyloric sphincter
Diagnostic Tests:
● Endoscopy
● Abdominal x-ray
● Upper GI
● CT scan
● Amylase
● Lipase
,Urinary Elimination The urinary tract has several functions. Its primary function is to convert and
(Know the content, be able to apply remove excess waste and fluids from the body in the form of urine. When a
the nursing process and critical person is healthy, the urinary tract also regulates levels of electrolytes and
the production of red blood cells, produces hormones that are important for
thinking). FROM ATI MODULES.
blood pressure regulation, and helps to keep bones strong. Urine travels
through the urinary system, also called the urinary tract, which consists of
the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Expected Elimination Characteristics
Elimination patterns can vary for many reasons and may not be a cause of concern.
On average, urine should be clear, light yellow in color, and odorless. The amount
and frequency will depend on the amount of fluids ingested, activity level, and
medications taken such as diuretics.
Urinary Incontinence
Several kinds of urinary incontinence are distinguished (know this):
● Stress incontinence: Coughing, sneezing, laughing, or physical activity
that increases pressure on the bladder, resulting in urine leakage.
● Urge incontinence: A strong need or urge to urinate, but leaking
occurs before the client gets to the toilet.
● Reflex incontinence: Urinary leakage as a result of nerve damage.
● Overflow incontinence: Incomplete bladder emptying that results in
the bladder overfilling when full, leading to urine leakage.
, ● Functional incontinence: Physical inability to reach the toilet in time.
This may be due to a physical impairment such as being wheelchair
bound or having arthritis of the hands, which can hinder the fine
motor skills needed to unbutton clothing.
● Nocturnal enuresis (nighttime bedwetting): Common in children but may
occur in adults who have consumed too much alcohol, who consume
caffeine at night, or who take certain medications.
Urinary Retention:
Urinary retention is a condition in which the bladder does not completely
empty with urination. Health problems such as prostate enlargement or a
cystocele (prolapsed bladder) can prevent urine from leaving the bladder fully.
This condition can be acute or sudden, or it can develop over time and be a
chronic problem. Males are more likely to develop urinary retention due to an
enlarged prostate, while females are less likely to develop urinary retention.
If not addressed, urinary retention can cause urinary tract infections,
bladder damage, kidney damage, and urinary incontinence.
Risk Factors:
Age, sex, medications, and psychological stress due to lack of privacy are all
factors that can influence urinary and bowel elimination.
NURSING PROCESS:
Findings associated with urinary retention include difficulty urinating, pain,
abdominal distention, urinary frequency, urinary hesitancy, weak or slow urine
stream, and urinary leakage. Interventions to resolve urinary retention aim to
find the source of the problem, once the bladder is drained of urine. If
urinary retention is due to an enlarged prostate in males, interventions focus
on determining the cause of prostate enlargement and treating it accordingly.
Other procedures, such as cystoscopy to look inside the urethra and bladder,
can be performed to determine whether the cause is related to a stone or
another lesion that may need to be removed. For females with bladder
prolapse, a vaginal pessary can be used to stop urine from leaking. Surgery
and physical therapy are other interventions that may be utilized.
Nursing Interventions:
● Urinal and bedpan use
● Bladder Irrigation
● Bladder training
● Bladder scanning
● Catheterization
Cystometric testing:
Cystometric testing involves measuring bladder capacity, the pressure of the
bladder during filling, and the final capacity when the urge to urinate begins.
What causes Dehydration? Dehydration is caused by the loss of fluid, which then leads to a negative
fluid balance. It is most commonly associated with excessive vomiting,
diarrhea, sweating, urinating, or inadequate fluid intake. Fever can cause
dehydration due to sweating. Children are more prone to vomiting and
, diarrhea, and so are at risk for dehydration; likewise, the elderly are more
vulnerable due to a lack of fluid intake. Clients with certain chronic
conditions, such as diabetes, kidney failure, or cystic fibrosis, are at an
increased risk.
Dehydration manifestations:
Dehydration manifestations include increased thirst, dry mouth or tongue, fatigue,
fever, dizziness, dark-colored urine, and lack of urine or sweat. Infants may have
dry diapers for more than 3 hours or cry without tears. If severe, dehydration can
be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention for rehydration with
intravenous (IV) fluids, but for mild cases, replacing the fluids lost with water or a
sports drink should be sufficient.
Bowel Elimination Like urine production, the amount of stool or feces produced depends on the
(Know the content, be able to apply amount of food and liquid consumed. Frequency of bowel movements vary
the nursing process and critical significantly from person to person. While some individuals may have daily
bowel movements, others may evacuate stool one to three times a day, every
thinking).
other day, or only three times a week. Although the amount and frequency
may vary, passage of stool should not be difficult and stool should be soft,
Know this!!! not hard or of liquid consistency.
Altered Bowel Elimination:
Constipation (Small residual): Constipation occurs when a client has infrequent
bowel movements, often defined as fewer than three bowel movements in a
week. Additionally, these stools are hard, lumpy, and difficult to pass.
Constipation can affect all age groups, but is more common after pregnancy,
in older adults, in clients who consume little to no fiber, in clients who take
certain medications, and in clients who have GI disorders.
Diarrhea (Large residual): is a condition in which the client experiences
frequent loose, watery stools throughout the day. It can be acute, lasting
about 1 to 2 days; persistent, lasting longer than 2 weeks but less than 4
weeks; or chronic, lasting longer than 4 weeks. Risk factors for diarrhea
include infection, medication use, GI disorders, and diet.
Nursing Process:
Nursing Interventions to Facilitate Bowel Elimination Patterns
Alterations in bowel elimination are usually treatable or manageable. A few
nursing interventions can be implemented to assist clients with a return to
expected bowel elimination patterns. Nurses can assist clients with making
lifestyle changes, by providing bowel training, and by providing them with
agents to stimulate a bowel movement.
Nutrition/ all nutrients, how to Therapeutic Diets:
apply nursing process, modified Depending on a client’s health, eating, chewing, and swallowing abilities, a
diets (clear, full liquid, mechanical specific diet geared toward meeting any deficits may be required. Special
soft, pureed, regular), modified diets include NPO (an abbreviation of a Latin term meaning “nothing by
mouth”), regular, soft, pureed, liquid, cardiovascular, and renal.
liquids (thin liquid, nectar thick,
STUFF. I GOT AN A ON THIS COURSE
FUNDAMENTALS QUIZ 2
Only focus on the highlighted stuff!!!
Digestion Physiology of Digestion:
(Know the content, be able to apply Digestion is the act of the body breaking down food into simple substances
the nursing process and critical that are either absorbed by the bloodstream as nutrients or eliminated by the
body as waste. The human digestive system enables the organs and tissues in
thinking). From ATI Engage 2.0
the body to receive the nutrients they need to function. Once the digestive
Module.
system has broken down food into its component nutrients, those nutrients are
converted into energy for the body’s use. This involuntary process of the body
begins with food consumption. Saliva initiates the process of decomposing
food, with digestion continuing as the food moves through different organs,
propelled by muscular contractions known as peristalsis.
Food from the stomach moves to the small intestine, where it is broken down
further and nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The large intestine
is then responsible for removing water and electrolytes from the remaining
food particles for the body’s use and converting the rest into feces. The
large intestine contains billions of beneficial bacteria that perform this
process. The rectum is a storage area for feces; it is located at the end of
the large intestine. Lastly, feces are expelled through the external opening of
the rectum known as the anus.
Alterations and Manifestations:
● Nausea, vomiting: common in all age groups series (Barium swallow)
● Anorexia (loss of appetite)
● Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): 20% of ind. Exhibit weekly
symptoms of acid reflux
● Hepatitis: over 5 million people living with chronic infection
● Malabsorption
● Maldigestion
● Pancreatitis: Acute: 100k Chronic: 8.2 case per 100k
● Pyloric sphincter
Diagnostic Tests:
● Endoscopy
● Abdominal x-ray
● Upper GI
● CT scan
● Amylase
● Lipase
,Urinary Elimination The urinary tract has several functions. Its primary function is to convert and
(Know the content, be able to apply remove excess waste and fluids from the body in the form of urine. When a
the nursing process and critical person is healthy, the urinary tract also regulates levels of electrolytes and
the production of red blood cells, produces hormones that are important for
thinking). FROM ATI MODULES.
blood pressure regulation, and helps to keep bones strong. Urine travels
through the urinary system, also called the urinary tract, which consists of
the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Expected Elimination Characteristics
Elimination patterns can vary for many reasons and may not be a cause of concern.
On average, urine should be clear, light yellow in color, and odorless. The amount
and frequency will depend on the amount of fluids ingested, activity level, and
medications taken such as diuretics.
Urinary Incontinence
Several kinds of urinary incontinence are distinguished (know this):
● Stress incontinence: Coughing, sneezing, laughing, or physical activity
that increases pressure on the bladder, resulting in urine leakage.
● Urge incontinence: A strong need or urge to urinate, but leaking
occurs before the client gets to the toilet.
● Reflex incontinence: Urinary leakage as a result of nerve damage.
● Overflow incontinence: Incomplete bladder emptying that results in
the bladder overfilling when full, leading to urine leakage.
, ● Functional incontinence: Physical inability to reach the toilet in time.
This may be due to a physical impairment such as being wheelchair
bound or having arthritis of the hands, which can hinder the fine
motor skills needed to unbutton clothing.
● Nocturnal enuresis (nighttime bedwetting): Common in children but may
occur in adults who have consumed too much alcohol, who consume
caffeine at night, or who take certain medications.
Urinary Retention:
Urinary retention is a condition in which the bladder does not completely
empty with urination. Health problems such as prostate enlargement or a
cystocele (prolapsed bladder) can prevent urine from leaving the bladder fully.
This condition can be acute or sudden, or it can develop over time and be a
chronic problem. Males are more likely to develop urinary retention due to an
enlarged prostate, while females are less likely to develop urinary retention.
If not addressed, urinary retention can cause urinary tract infections,
bladder damage, kidney damage, and urinary incontinence.
Risk Factors:
Age, sex, medications, and psychological stress due to lack of privacy are all
factors that can influence urinary and bowel elimination.
NURSING PROCESS:
Findings associated with urinary retention include difficulty urinating, pain,
abdominal distention, urinary frequency, urinary hesitancy, weak or slow urine
stream, and urinary leakage. Interventions to resolve urinary retention aim to
find the source of the problem, once the bladder is drained of urine. If
urinary retention is due to an enlarged prostate in males, interventions focus
on determining the cause of prostate enlargement and treating it accordingly.
Other procedures, such as cystoscopy to look inside the urethra and bladder,
can be performed to determine whether the cause is related to a stone or
another lesion that may need to be removed. For females with bladder
prolapse, a vaginal pessary can be used to stop urine from leaking. Surgery
and physical therapy are other interventions that may be utilized.
Nursing Interventions:
● Urinal and bedpan use
● Bladder Irrigation
● Bladder training
● Bladder scanning
● Catheterization
Cystometric testing:
Cystometric testing involves measuring bladder capacity, the pressure of the
bladder during filling, and the final capacity when the urge to urinate begins.
What causes Dehydration? Dehydration is caused by the loss of fluid, which then leads to a negative
fluid balance. It is most commonly associated with excessive vomiting,
diarrhea, sweating, urinating, or inadequate fluid intake. Fever can cause
dehydration due to sweating. Children are more prone to vomiting and
, diarrhea, and so are at risk for dehydration; likewise, the elderly are more
vulnerable due to a lack of fluid intake. Clients with certain chronic
conditions, such as diabetes, kidney failure, or cystic fibrosis, are at an
increased risk.
Dehydration manifestations:
Dehydration manifestations include increased thirst, dry mouth or tongue, fatigue,
fever, dizziness, dark-colored urine, and lack of urine or sweat. Infants may have
dry diapers for more than 3 hours or cry without tears. If severe, dehydration can
be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention for rehydration with
intravenous (IV) fluids, but for mild cases, replacing the fluids lost with water or a
sports drink should be sufficient.
Bowel Elimination Like urine production, the amount of stool or feces produced depends on the
(Know the content, be able to apply amount of food and liquid consumed. Frequency of bowel movements vary
the nursing process and critical significantly from person to person. While some individuals may have daily
bowel movements, others may evacuate stool one to three times a day, every
thinking).
other day, or only three times a week. Although the amount and frequency
may vary, passage of stool should not be difficult and stool should be soft,
Know this!!! not hard or of liquid consistency.
Altered Bowel Elimination:
Constipation (Small residual): Constipation occurs when a client has infrequent
bowel movements, often defined as fewer than three bowel movements in a
week. Additionally, these stools are hard, lumpy, and difficult to pass.
Constipation can affect all age groups, but is more common after pregnancy,
in older adults, in clients who consume little to no fiber, in clients who take
certain medications, and in clients who have GI disorders.
Diarrhea (Large residual): is a condition in which the client experiences
frequent loose, watery stools throughout the day. It can be acute, lasting
about 1 to 2 days; persistent, lasting longer than 2 weeks but less than 4
weeks; or chronic, lasting longer than 4 weeks. Risk factors for diarrhea
include infection, medication use, GI disorders, and diet.
Nursing Process:
Nursing Interventions to Facilitate Bowel Elimination Patterns
Alterations in bowel elimination are usually treatable or manageable. A few
nursing interventions can be implemented to assist clients with a return to
expected bowel elimination patterns. Nurses can assist clients with making
lifestyle changes, by providing bowel training, and by providing them with
agents to stimulate a bowel movement.
Nutrition/ all nutrients, how to Therapeutic Diets:
apply nursing process, modified Depending on a client’s health, eating, chewing, and swallowing abilities, a
diets (clear, full liquid, mechanical specific diet geared toward meeting any deficits may be required. Special
soft, pureed, regular), modified diets include NPO (an abbreviation of a Latin term meaning “nothing by
mouth”), regular, soft, pureed, liquid, cardiovascular, and renal.
liquids (thin liquid, nectar thick,
