Psyc 4430 Infant and Child Development Exam 1 Review Questions And Answers Verified Solutions Graded A+

Reasons to learn about child development - correct answers- raising children - choosing social policies - understand human nature Historical Foundations of Studying Child Development - correct answers Early Philosophies (Aristotle/Plato) - society depends on proper raising children - self control and discipline - nature vs. nurture, innate vs. learned Social Reform Movements - ban child labor under 10 Darwins Theory of Evolution - systematic descriptions of sons day to day Enduring Themes - correct answersNature and Nurture The active child: how children shape their own environments Continuity/Discontinuity Mechanisms of change Sociocultural context Individual Differences Research and Childs welfare Methods for studying child dev - correct answersScientific method: question, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, reliable and valid Interviews and Questionnaires Naturalistic Observation Structured observation Correlation vs Causation data gathering techniques - correct answersStructured interviews: all participants asked the same questions Clinical interview: Questions adjusted in accord to answers Naturalistic observation: Examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not controlled by the researcher Structured observation: present identical situations to each child and record childs behavior Designs for examining development - correct answersCross Section Design: Children of different ages studied at the same time Longitudinal Design: Children are examined repeatedly over a prolonged period of time Microgenetic Design: Children observed intensively over short time period while change is observed Werner's Study (1955) - correct answersLargest and Longest study; 698 kids and 40 years. Assess biological risk factors and rearing factors. (Prenatal, education, family, behavior). Biological risk factors and poor rearing conditions resulted in physical handicaps and psychological difficulties. Biological risk factors but good rearing conditions resulted in just as developed as kids with no birth problems. 1/3= resilient; less than 4 kids in the family, kids spaced out more, older/educated mothers, #1 factor in resilience is having a supportive adult non family member Why Study development - correct answersUnderstand human nature Relationship between early and later experiences ex: early temperment vs later personality Romanian Orphanages - correct answersThe timing of experiences influences development. (weight, intelligence, social, emotional). Adopted before 6 months: No change Adopted 6-24 months: Some effects Adopted 24-42 months: Most negative effects *Importance of early social environment on long term development Stillface paradigm - correct answersMom doesn't react to upset baby (depression). If prolonged then baby wont react/interact with anyone Nature vs Nurture - correct answersBiological endowments (genes: Physical characteristics, emotional temperament, IQ Physical and Social Environments: Prenatal teratogens, family styles, neighborhood, tech Ex: Schizophrenia=highly heritable but more likely to be expressed if raised in troubled home Active Child - correct answersShape their own development. Attentional patterns, vocalization, temperament, motor skills Continuity/Discontinuity - correct answersChange with age occurs gradually in increments vs occasional large shifts Mechanisms of change - correct answers- Nature and Nurture determines what changes and when but what mechanisms allow it to do so? - causes of autism: Cerebrospinal fluid volume - effortful attention: Genes, parenting influence, Childs experience Sociocultural context - correct answersPhysical, social, cultural, economic, historical, circumstances that make a childs environment - people: family, parents, friends - physical: school, house, daycare - cultural: SES, geographical, language, custom, religion How do siblings become so different - correct answersScarrs 4 factors 1992 - genetic differences: temperment - differences in treatment by parents and others: 1st child=more strict, more vs less anxious with later children - differences in reactions to similar experiences: temper, overreaction - different choice of environments : hobbies, friends, sports Prefromationism - correct answersBabies are already fully formed in the sperm. 17th century Epigenesis - correct answersIntroduced by Aristotle instead of preformationism. New structures emerge over time/development Conception - correct answers23 gametes from each parent zygote: fertilized egg and full genetic material. 6 hours to travel form uterus to Fallopian tube, 200-500 million sperm per ejaculation. Females are born with all gametes and release 1 egg a month. Males produce new sperm constantly from puberty. Early Sex Differences - correct answers51% of babies born in the US are male More female fetus' dont make it past early pregnancy, while males have increased risk post birth Zygote-Embryo-Fetus process - correct answers1. Cell division: mitosis, zygote divides into 2 equal full genetic cells. 12 Hours after fertilization 2. Cell migration: Begins in embryonic phase. New cells move away from origin. ex: neurons to developing brain 3. Cell differentiation: cells specialize, embryonic stem cells give rise to any type then they specialize. Determined by surrounding cells turning on/off certain genes 4. apoptosis: under utilized cells die, explains fingers and toes Early Development - correct answersInner cell mass: cells arrange into hollow sphere with bulge of cells -day 4 monozygotic (identical) twins: this mass splits and each have exact same genetic makeup dizygotic: 2 eggs and 2 sperm 1 week: imbed in uterine lining and depends on mom cephalocaudal development - correct answersthe pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than areas farther from the head Germinal Stage - correct answersConception-2 weeks - Fertilization cell becomes blastocyst at day 4 - zygot travels to implant in uterus - rapid and methodical cell division - beginnings of placenta and support system start being made - identical twins originate - most protected from teratogens, independent still Embryonic Stage - correct answers2/3-8 weeks - after implantation, the inner cell mass becomes the embryo and the rest of the cells develp into support system - development of major organs and basic anatomy - 3 distinct layers Top layer Ectoderm: Nervous system, nails, teeth, skin Middle Layer Mesoderm: Muscles, Bones, Circulatory system, internal organs Bottom Layer Endoderm: Digestive, lungs urinary system, glands - placenta not functional yet, gets nutrients from yolf sac - at end of stage embryo is around 1 in long - 3 weeks nervous system functional - 5 weeks brain waves Placenta - correct answers-flat slab like pancake - 1 in think center thicker than edge - nutrients to baby, oxygen through cord - take waste out - barrier to some toxins, antibodies - maternal gestational diabetes: too much nutrients through placenta, baby grows too fast Fetal stage - correct answers9 weeks-birth - starts when differentiation of major organs has occured - characterized by rapid development - organs more differentiated and begin working - interconnections between body parts become increased complex and integrations - brain increases sophistication; experience senses; facial expressions at 20 weeks - organism=fetus now; 28 weeks probably able to live outside Fetal Behavior - correct answers- 12 weeks-most movements that are present at birth have appeared ex: hiccups, swallowing, yawning, and breathing are prenatal behaviors that help with postpartum survival - Swallowing: development of palette/taste, and digestive system. They dont need to eat amniotic fluid; get nutrients via cord Fetal Breathing: strengthen respiratory muscles; not needed to breath bc get oxygen via cord Prenatal: post natal continuity: activity, sleep/wake cycles Fetal Sensory Experiences - correct answersVisual: Not much, only REM sleep and dreaming. Preference for top-heavy images shows innate recognition for faces. Touch: Lots of opportunity, touch face body, moving. Choice of sucking thumb can indicate r/l handed Taste: prefer sweet flavors Smell: Associate wt foods mother has eaten, affects amniotic fluid and breast milk Sound: Hear and react to mothers voice from 6 months. Womb is loud from blood moving, stomach, heart, music, people Fetal Learning - correct answers- 30 weeks, fetus demonstrates short term habituation by decreasing their response to repeated/continued stimulation - DeCasper and Spence: Newborns recognize and prefer listening to rhymes/stories that were presented before birth. Shows long term memory; read cat and the hat 2x/day last 6 weeks - Newborn preference to moms voice filtered to sound like from within the womb - Newborns prefer familiar smells and tastes Teratogens - correct answersEnvironmental agents that have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development. Drugs, maternal disease, environmental pollutants. Timing is crucial. Ex: Thalidomide: over the counter morning sickness pill thought to be safe but cause birth defects. 4-6 weeks=most severe defects. Dose response relation. Individual differences. Sleeper effect: seems fine until later in life. Ex: DES hormone: cancer risk in early adulthood increased Cigarettes - correct answers1/10 pregnant women - baby and mother receive less oxygen, second hand smoke - slowed growth and low birth rate - increased risk SIDS - lower IQ, hearing defects, cancer, ADHD alcohol - correct answers- most common human teratogen - fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: mental retardation, facial deformity, small eyes and lips, no ridge between mouth and nose - abnormal startle reflexes, altered activity levels, intellectual and attention difficulties Marijuana and cocaine - correct answers- effects of specific drug hard to. know precisely bc usually taking more than 1 - marijuana: effect memory, learning, visual skills - cocaine: low growth, premature arousal and attention, cog