Exam (elaborations) MGMT3107 (MGMT3107Final exam) (MGMT3107 (MGMT3107Final exam))

Course Critical Thinking FINAL EXAM • Question 1 5 out of 5 points In a valid syllogism, if the premises are true, then: Selected Answer: The conclusion must be true Correct Answer: The conclusion must be true • Question 2 5 out of 5 points Complete the following syllogism: All X are Y; some Z are X, therefore: Selected Answer: Some Z are Y Correct Answer: Some Z are Y • Question 3 5 out of 5 points Suppose that having a Migraine while taking an exam could, by itself, cause you to fail that exam. In this example, illness could be a _______ cause of failing the exam. Selected Answer: Sufficient Correct Answer: Sufficient • Question 4 5 out of 5 points If something happens just before event A, such as seeing a black cat, and we conclude that the black cat caused event B just because it came prior to event B, then we are guilty of the fallacy of: Selected Answer: Post hoc ergo propter hot Correct Answer: Post hoc ergo propter hot • Question 5 5 out of 5 points Leslie's claim is that living together before marriage is ethical, because "everyone is doing it these days." She has fallen prey to which fallacy? Selected Answer: Bandwagon appeal Correct Answer: Bandwagon appeal • Question 6 5 out of 5 points "Just as water will eventually wear away rock, the weak will eventually overcome the strong." This form of reasoning is: Selected Answer: Analogical Correct Answer: Analogical • Question 7 5 out of 5 points A basic form of deductive argument is: Selected Answer: The syllogism Correct Answer: The syllogism • Question 8 5 out of 5 points The syllogism itself, not the premises, can be: Selected Answer: Valid Correct Answer: Valid • Question 9 5 out of 5 points Premises in syllogisms can be: Selected Answer: A and B Correct Answer: A and B • Question 10 5 out of 5 points Which one of the following statements is a universal proposition? Selected Answer: All women are mortal Correct Answer: All women are mortal • Question 11 5 out of 5 points Which of the following statements is a particular proposition? Selected Answer: Some men are mobsters Correct Answer: Some men are mobsters • Question 12 5 out of 5 points If one of the statements in a syllogism is particular, the conclusion must be: Selected Answer: Particular Correct Answer: Particular • Question 13 5 out of 5 points When the premises are true and the syllogism is valid, we have a(n) ____ argument. Selected Answer: Sound Correct Answer: Sound • Question 14 5 out of 5 points Aside from g a car, turning the key to start a car is an example of: Selected Answer: Necessary cause Correct Answer: Necessary cause • Question 15 5 out of 5 points Inductive thinking is: Selected Answer: A type of thinking which moves from the particular to the general Correct Answer: A type of thinking which moves from the particular to the general • Question 16 5 out of 5 points Terry visited three bars in town. Each of them had a blonde bartender. Terry then concluded that all bars in town have blonde bartenders. This is an example of: Selected Answer: B and C Correct Answer: B and C • Question 17 5 out of 5 points Conclusions of good inductive reasoning: Selected Answer: Are statements of probability Correct Answer: Are statements of probability • Question 18 5 out of 5 points Mary had a few bad experiences with the Taco shack burrito special, and now believes all burritos are bad. Mary has engaged in which fallacy? Selected Answer: Hasty generalization Correct Answer: Hasty generalization • Question 19 5 out of 5 points Deductive thinking is the kind of reasoning that begins with 2 or more premises and derives a conclusion t hat must follow from those premises. Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True • Question 20 5 out of 5 points All valid syllogisms must have at least 2 affirmative premises. Selected Answer: False Correct Answer: False • Question 21 5 out of 5 points A categorical syllogism is a form of argument that contains statements that either affirm or deny that a subject is a member of a certain class (category), or has a certain property. Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True • Question 22 5 out of 5 points A Venn diagram uses 3 intersecting circles, one for the subject of the conclusion, one for the predicate of the conclusion, and one for the middle term, which does not appear in the conclusion. What is the purpose of this diagram? Selected Answer: To test the validity of a syllogism Correct Answer: To test the validity of a syllogism • Question 23 5 out of 5 points If P then Q Not Q Therefore, not P This is an example of: Selected Answer: modus tollens (a negative mixed hypothetical syllogism) Correct Answer: modus tollens (a negative mixed hypothetical syllogism) • Question 24 5 out of 5 points If it rains today, then Mary will not be able to hang out the laundry to dry. "If Mary is not able to hang out the laundry to dry, then she won't wash the clothes. Therefore, if it rains today, Mary will not wash the clothes." This is an example of a hypothetical syllogism. Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True • Question 25 5 out of 5 points A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between 2 variables, usually in the form of a prediction. Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True • Question 26 5 out of 5 points The Scientific Method is a form of inductive thinking which moves through four major steps: 1 - Observation 2 - Hypothesis formulation 3 - Experimentation or data collection 4 - Verification The above statement is: Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True • Question 27 5 out of 5 points A survey is an instrument with questions designed to assess peoples' attitudes and opinions about various issues. Without the survey method, it would be difficult to acquire information about their attitudes, beliefs and opinions. Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True • Question 28 5 out of 5 points P or Q If P, then R If Q, then S Therefore, R or S This is an example of a: Selected Answer: Dilemma form of deductive argument Correct Answer: Dilemma form of deductive argument • Question 29 5 out of 5 points An Inductive argument is of such a form that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true, too. Properly formed inductive arguments are called valid arguments. Selected Answer: False Correct Answer: False • Question 30 5 out of 5 points "I have the best basketball players on my team. I know I'll have the best team now." This statement commits which fallacy? Selected Answer: Fallacy of composition Correct Answer: Fallacy of composition • Question 31 5 out of 5 points The CEO of a successful corporation can process data logically with an eye to the 'bottom line', can use examples with inductive reasoning and theories applied in syllogisms, and can use statistics, analogies, and t relationships to convince the Board of the accuracy of his/her interpretations and projections. This is an example of the rational appeal. Selected Answer: True Correct Answer: True • Question 32 5 out of 5 points A good definition of problem solving is: Selected Answer: Applying critical thinking to achieve goals that are important to us Correct Answer: Applying critical thinking to achieve goals that are important to us • Question 33 5 out of 5 points Looking beyond one's usual ways of thinking, avoiding assumptions, stereotypes and expectations, being able to look at the "impossible" or "absurd" in a new light; are all examples of: Selected Answer: Creative thinking Correct Answer: Creative thinking • Question 34 5 out of 5 points There is a 3 step process that can aid one in decision making. These steps are the goal; the alternatives; and ibe the probable outcomes. What is one difficulty one might encounter when attempting to make a decision? Selected Answer: All of the above Correct Answer: All of the above • Question 35 5 out of 5 points What is "reduction ad absurdum"? Selected Answer: An argument to destroy an argument which appears ok, but which really leads to or entails absurd consequences Correct Answer: An argument to destroy an argument which appears ok, but which really leads to or entails absurd consequences • Question 36 5 out of 5 points Mary and John discussed safety ratings in the current years' car models. Mary said car Y had the best overall safety rating. John disagreed, saying car X is better because it is made in Japan. This is an example of what fallacy: Selected Answer: Red herring Correct Answer: Red herring • Question 37 5 out of 5 points A deductive argument always ends with a conclusion that is a statement of probability, no matter how remote that probability. Selected Answer: False Correct Answer: False • Question 38 5 out of 5 points Conclusions of good inductive reasoning: Selected Answer: Are statements of probability Correct Answer: Are statements of probability • Question 39 5 out of 5 points The assassination of a president could lead to war. When it does, the assassination is usually a _______ cause of war. Selected Answer: Contributory cause Correct Answer: Contributory cause • Question 40 5 out of 5 points To form a valid syllogism, which premise is missing in the following argument: [missing premise] Sam is a politician Therefore, Sam is a dishonest person Selected Answer: All politicians are dishonest persons Correct Answer: All politicians are dishonest persons