UAMS Body Fluids Exam #1 UPDATED
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Paired organ system, outer cortex, and inner medulla. Each composed of nephrons. - CORRECT
ANSWER - What are the basic structures of the kidney?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. - CORRECT ANSWER - What makes up the
urinary system?
Nephron. Glomerulus where filtration takes place at Bowman's capsule. Filtered blood enters
through the afferent arterioles and unfiltered blood leaves through the efferent arterioles and re-
enters. Proximal tubule where tubular reabsorption of water and essential nutrients such as
glucose takes place. Descending / ascending loop of Henle where water and electrolyte exchange
takes place. Distal tubule where tubular secretion of excess substances takes place. Concentration
begins here. Collecting ducts where final concentration and secretion takes place. - CORRECT
ANSWER - The microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidneys. What is housed
within and what processes take place here?
1200 ml/min. 120 ml/min or 10% - CORRECT ANSWER - What is the average amount
of blood flowing through the kidneys? What is the amount of blood being filtered, also known as
glomerular filtration rate?
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system or RAA. System is activated when blood flow to the
glomerulus gets too low. The kidneys release renin which converts angiotensinogen into
angiotensin I. The converting enzyme then turns angiotensin I into angiotensin II which
stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenals which causes sodium retention and vessel
constriction. Water follows sodium. RAA system stimulates ADH from adrenal glands to tell the
collecting ducts to retain water. - CORRECT ANSWER - What controls the pressure of
renal blood flow?When does this system usually get activated? Describe the RAA system. Why
does this system work?
Glomerular filtration. The filtrate contains water, glucose, and electrolytes but does not contain
protein, protein bound elements, or cells due to the shield of negativity on the glomerulus. -
, CORRECT ANSWER - Creates a protein free ultra-filtrate. What is in the filtrate? What
is not?
Tubular reabsorption. 60-85% in proximal tubule. Glucose and amino acids are usually always
reabsorbed entirely while water, sodium, chloride, and calcium are absorbed as needed. -
CORRECT ANSWER - The return of water and essential nutrients back to the blood,
mainly in the proximal tubule. What percentage happens in the proximal tubule? What is
typically reabsorbed?
Renal threshold. Normal glucose is 75-105 mg/dl. Glucose RT is 160-180 mg/dl. RT of glucose
can determine if a patient has diabetes or a renal filtration problem. If they have a high glucose
reading and theres glucose in the urine, diabetes mellitus is likely the cause. However, if they
have a normal glucose reading but theres still glucose in the urine, a renal filtration problem is
occurring. - CORRECT ANSWER - Plasma concentration of a substance at which
reabsorption stops ad the substance begins to appear in the urine because the blood cannot hold
any more. What is the normal level of glucose? What is the RT of glucose? Why is RT
important?
Tubular secretion. This occurs to remove large waste products that cannot fit through the
glomerulus to be filtered. Also excretes H ion to maintain blood acid-base balance. - CORRECT
ANSWER - Passage of substances from the blood to the filtrate in the distal tubule. Why
does this occur?
Concentration. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin. - CORRECT ANSWER -
Final reabsorption of water that begins in the distal tubule but ends in the collecting ducts.
Amount depends on body's state of hydration. What hormone controls this?
Remove waste, maintain acid-base balance, water balance, retention of water and nutrients, and
hormone synthesis. - CORRECT ANSWER - What are the functions of the kidney?
Urea, uric acid, and creatinine are organic. Chloride, sodium, potassium, and occasionally H+
ions are inorganic. Formed elements include RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells, casts, crystals, and
bacteria. - CORRECT ANSWER - What are the major organic substances found in urine?
What are the major inorganic substances found in urine? What formed elements may be seen in
urine?
ACTUAL Questions and CORRECT
Answers
Paired organ system, outer cortex, and inner medulla. Each composed of nephrons. - CORRECT
ANSWER - What are the basic structures of the kidney?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. - CORRECT ANSWER - What makes up the
urinary system?
Nephron. Glomerulus where filtration takes place at Bowman's capsule. Filtered blood enters
through the afferent arterioles and unfiltered blood leaves through the efferent arterioles and re-
enters. Proximal tubule where tubular reabsorption of water and essential nutrients such as
glucose takes place. Descending / ascending loop of Henle where water and electrolyte exchange
takes place. Distal tubule where tubular secretion of excess substances takes place. Concentration
begins here. Collecting ducts where final concentration and secretion takes place. - CORRECT
ANSWER - The microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidneys. What is housed
within and what processes take place here?
1200 ml/min. 120 ml/min or 10% - CORRECT ANSWER - What is the average amount
of blood flowing through the kidneys? What is the amount of blood being filtered, also known as
glomerular filtration rate?
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system or RAA. System is activated when blood flow to the
glomerulus gets too low. The kidneys release renin which converts angiotensinogen into
angiotensin I. The converting enzyme then turns angiotensin I into angiotensin II which
stimulates aldosterone secretion from the adrenals which causes sodium retention and vessel
constriction. Water follows sodium. RAA system stimulates ADH from adrenal glands to tell the
collecting ducts to retain water. - CORRECT ANSWER - What controls the pressure of
renal blood flow?When does this system usually get activated? Describe the RAA system. Why
does this system work?
Glomerular filtration. The filtrate contains water, glucose, and electrolytes but does not contain
protein, protein bound elements, or cells due to the shield of negativity on the glomerulus. -
, CORRECT ANSWER - Creates a protein free ultra-filtrate. What is in the filtrate? What
is not?
Tubular reabsorption. 60-85% in proximal tubule. Glucose and amino acids are usually always
reabsorbed entirely while water, sodium, chloride, and calcium are absorbed as needed. -
CORRECT ANSWER - The return of water and essential nutrients back to the blood,
mainly in the proximal tubule. What percentage happens in the proximal tubule? What is
typically reabsorbed?
Renal threshold. Normal glucose is 75-105 mg/dl. Glucose RT is 160-180 mg/dl. RT of glucose
can determine if a patient has diabetes or a renal filtration problem. If they have a high glucose
reading and theres glucose in the urine, diabetes mellitus is likely the cause. However, if they
have a normal glucose reading but theres still glucose in the urine, a renal filtration problem is
occurring. - CORRECT ANSWER - Plasma concentration of a substance at which
reabsorption stops ad the substance begins to appear in the urine because the blood cannot hold
any more. What is the normal level of glucose? What is the RT of glucose? Why is RT
important?
Tubular secretion. This occurs to remove large waste products that cannot fit through the
glomerulus to be filtered. Also excretes H ion to maintain blood acid-base balance. - CORRECT
ANSWER - Passage of substances from the blood to the filtrate in the distal tubule. Why
does this occur?
Concentration. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin. - CORRECT ANSWER -
Final reabsorption of water that begins in the distal tubule but ends in the collecting ducts.
Amount depends on body's state of hydration. What hormone controls this?
Remove waste, maintain acid-base balance, water balance, retention of water and nutrients, and
hormone synthesis. - CORRECT ANSWER - What are the functions of the kidney?
Urea, uric acid, and creatinine are organic. Chloride, sodium, potassium, and occasionally H+
ions are inorganic. Formed elements include RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells, casts, crystals, and
bacteria. - CORRECT ANSWER - What are the major organic substances found in urine?
What are the major inorganic substances found in urine? What formed elements may be seen in
urine?
