Human Growth and Development Chapter 5
Growth Patterns -
☑️ ▸ Weight and height increases and the relationship
between these measurements changes.
▸ Average body mass index (BMI) is lower than at
any other time of life.
▸ Children become slimmer as the lower body
lengthens.
▸ Center of gravity moves from the breastbone
down to the belly button.
Nutrition -
☑️ ▸ Obesity is a more frequent problem
than malnutrition.
▸ In low-income family cultures,
parents tend to guard against
undernutrition and rely on fast
foods, so their children are
especially vulnerable to obesity.
▸ Overfeeding is causing an epidemic
of illnesses associated with obesity,
such as heart disease and diabetes.
Nutritional Deficiencies -
☑️ ▸ Children who eat more vegetables
and fewer fried foods usually gain
bone mass but not fat.
▸ Young children are compulsive about
daily routine.
▸ -Picky eaters: Toddlers need to be fed a
variety of healthy foods before the child
refuses anything new.
Food allergies -
☑️ ▸ About 8 percent of all young children have
a food allergy, usually to a healthy, common
food.
▸ Cow's milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy,
wheat, and shellfish are frequent culprits.
▸ Diagnostic standards and treatments vary
Oral Health -
☑️ ▸ Teeth are affected by diet and illness.
▸ Tooth decay correlates with obesity.
▸ Poor oral health in early childhood is
detrimental to permanent tooth
development
Brain size -
, ☑️ ▸Size
▸ By age 2, a child's brain weighs 75
percent of what it will in adulthood.
▸ The brain reaches 90 percent of
adult weight by age 6
Diagram.... -
☑️
Prefrontal cortex -
☑️ From ages 2 to 6, maturation of the
prefrontal cortex has several notable
benefits.
▸ Sleep becomes more regular.
▸ Emotions become more nuanced and
responsive.
▸ Temper tantrums decrease or subside.
▸ Uncontrollable laughter and tears are
less common.
Corpus Collosum -
☑️ ▸ Is part of the brain that grows and myelinates (i.e. the myelin sheath around the axon
forms)
rapidly during early childhood.
▸ Consists of a band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right sides of the brain.
▸ Facilitates communication between the two brain hemispheres.
Lateralization -
☑️ "sidedness"
Begins with genes.
▸ Refers to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one
side dominant for each activity.
Left-handedness -
☑️ ▸ Shown in some newborns
▸ Discouraged in many cultures
▸ -Difference-equals-deficit error (difference from the
norm is problematic)
▸ Not accommodated in many contexts
▸ Now more accepted than a century ago
The Whole Brain -
☑️ Left-right brain hemisphere distinction is
exaggerated
▸ No one exclusively left- or right-brained
▸ Both sides of brain are usually involved in
every skill
Speed of thought -
☑️ ▸ The primary reason for faster thinking
is new and extensive myelination.
▸ Myelin is a fatty coating on the axons
Growth Patterns -
☑️ ▸ Weight and height increases and the relationship
between these measurements changes.
▸ Average body mass index (BMI) is lower than at
any other time of life.
▸ Children become slimmer as the lower body
lengthens.
▸ Center of gravity moves from the breastbone
down to the belly button.
Nutrition -
☑️ ▸ Obesity is a more frequent problem
than malnutrition.
▸ In low-income family cultures,
parents tend to guard against
undernutrition and rely on fast
foods, so their children are
especially vulnerable to obesity.
▸ Overfeeding is causing an epidemic
of illnesses associated with obesity,
such as heart disease and diabetes.
Nutritional Deficiencies -
☑️ ▸ Children who eat more vegetables
and fewer fried foods usually gain
bone mass but not fat.
▸ Young children are compulsive about
daily routine.
▸ -Picky eaters: Toddlers need to be fed a
variety of healthy foods before the child
refuses anything new.
Food allergies -
☑️ ▸ About 8 percent of all young children have
a food allergy, usually to a healthy, common
food.
▸ Cow's milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy,
wheat, and shellfish are frequent culprits.
▸ Diagnostic standards and treatments vary
Oral Health -
☑️ ▸ Teeth are affected by diet and illness.
▸ Tooth decay correlates with obesity.
▸ Poor oral health in early childhood is
detrimental to permanent tooth
development
Brain size -
, ☑️ ▸Size
▸ By age 2, a child's brain weighs 75
percent of what it will in adulthood.
▸ The brain reaches 90 percent of
adult weight by age 6
Diagram.... -
☑️
Prefrontal cortex -
☑️ From ages 2 to 6, maturation of the
prefrontal cortex has several notable
benefits.
▸ Sleep becomes more regular.
▸ Emotions become more nuanced and
responsive.
▸ Temper tantrums decrease or subside.
▸ Uncontrollable laughter and tears are
less common.
Corpus Collosum -
☑️ ▸ Is part of the brain that grows and myelinates (i.e. the myelin sheath around the axon
forms)
rapidly during early childhood.
▸ Consists of a band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right sides of the brain.
▸ Facilitates communication between the two brain hemispheres.
Lateralization -
☑️ "sidedness"
Begins with genes.
▸ Refers to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one
side dominant for each activity.
Left-handedness -
☑️ ▸ Shown in some newborns
▸ Discouraged in many cultures
▸ -Difference-equals-deficit error (difference from the
norm is problematic)
▸ Not accommodated in many contexts
▸ Now more accepted than a century ago
The Whole Brain -
☑️ Left-right brain hemisphere distinction is
exaggerated
▸ No one exclusively left- or right-brained
▸ Both sides of brain are usually involved in
every skill
Speed of thought -
☑️ ▸ The primary reason for faster thinking
is new and extensive myelination.
▸ Myelin is a fatty coating on the axons
