Criminology Today: An Integrative
ST
Introduction – 10th Edition
UV
TEST BANK
IA
_A
Frank Schmalleger
PP
RO
Comprehensive Test Bank for Instructors
VE
and Students
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© Frank Schmalleger
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
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©STUDYSTREAM
, CONTENTS
ST
To the Instructor v
Syllabi vi
UV
Chapter 1: What Is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals 1
Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From? From Idea to Evidence 13
Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences 22
IA
Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior: It’s What We Are 34
Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives: Interaction is Key 42
_A
Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior 51
Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories: It’s How We Live 65
Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development: It’s What We Learn 76
PP
Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories: It’s How We Relate 89
Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization: It’s Personal 101
Chapter 11: Crimes against Persons: It’s What We Fear 113
RO
Chapter 12: Crimes against Property: It’s What We Lose 126
Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime: Crime as a Job 136
Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes: Recreational Offenses 148
VE
Chapter 15: Technology and Crime: It’s a Double-Edged Sword 159
Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism: Our Small World 169
D?
Test Bank
Chapter 1 178
Chapter 2 200
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Chapter 3 227
Chapter 4 250
iii
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Chapter 5 274
Chapter 6 293
ST
Chapter 7 317
Chapter 8 341
Chapter 9 364
UV
Chapter 10 388
Chapter 11 413
Chapter 12 434
IA
Chapter 13 454
Chapter 14 477
_A
Chapter 15 496
Chapter 16 516
PP
RO
VE
D?
??
iv
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Chapter 1
What Is Criminology?
ST
Understanding Crime and Criminals
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
UV
Chapter 1 introduces the textbook and to the field of criminology. Crime can be defined in a
variety of ways; the four main definitional perspectives see crime from the legalistic, political,
sociological, and psychological viewpoints. The text uses a legalistic approach, which sees crime
as “human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local
jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws.” This approach does have some limitations,
IA
however, some of which may be addressed by the other perspectives on crime.
Many crimes are forms of deviant behavior, human activity that violates social norms;
however, not all crimes are deviant and not all deviant behavior is criminal. There is also a
significant difference between what is crime and what should be criminal. The consensus
_A
perspective holds that a law should be enacted to criminalize a certain behavior when the
members of a society generally agree that such a law is necessary. However, in a multicultural
society, consensus may be difficult to achieve. The diversity of society is recognized in the
pluralist perspective, which suggests that behaviors typically are criminalized through a political
process after debate over the appropriate course of action.
The field of criminology itself is discussed in detail, with various definitions considered.
PP
While criminology is primarily a social science, it is interdisciplinary. It contributes to, and
overlaps, the field of criminal justice. A criminologist is one who studies crime, criminals, and
criminal behavior; the term applies primarily to academics, researchers, and policy analysts with
advanced degrees who are involved in the study of crime and crime trends and in the analysis of
societal reactions to crime. Criminalists collect and examine physical evidence of crimes, while
RO
criminal justice professionals do the daily work of the criminal justice system. There are many
professional opportunities for individuals with degrees in criminology.
One subfield is theoretical criminology, which posits explanations for criminal behavior.
There are many different theories of crime. General theories attempt to explain all (or most)
forms of criminal conduct through a single overarching approach. An integrated theory does not
necessarily attempt to explain all criminality but merges concepts drawn from different sources.
VE
Evidence-based criminology or knowledge-based criminology involves the use of rigorous
scientific techniques to develop knowledge in the field of criminology. It is focusing on the
creation of a body of scientific evidence that is applicable to modern social problems and
realities.
D?
Criminological theorizing has as its ultimate goal the development of meaningful social
policies based on scientific evidence. Translational criminology involves translating
criminological research results into workable social policy. Translating research into practice is
often difficult, even with solid evidence to support policy innovations. For example, despite
widespread concern among professional groups about the effect of the media on teenage violence,
policymakers have been reluctant to curtail the production of violent media. Essentially there is a
??
conflict between crime reduction policies and the profit motives of media vendors.
The social policy theme of the text is presented through a contrast of the two main
perspectives popular in today’s society: the social problems perspective and the individual
1
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
ST
Introduction – 10th Edition
UV
TEST BANK
IA
_A
Frank Schmalleger
PP
RO
Comprehensive Test Bank for Instructors
VE
and Students
D?
© Frank Schmalleger
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
??
©STUDYSTREAM
, CONTENTS
ST
To the Instructor v
Syllabi vi
UV
Chapter 1: What Is Criminology? Understanding Crime and Criminals 1
Chapter 2: Where Do Theories Come From? From Idea to Evidence 13
Chapter 3: Classical and Neoclassical Thought: Choice or Consequences 22
IA
Chapter 4: Early Biological Perspectives on Criminal Behavior: It’s What We Are 34
Chapter 5: Biosocial and Other Contemporary Perspectives: Interaction is Key 42
_A
Chapter 6: Psychological and Psychiatric Foundations of Criminal Behavior 51
Chapter 7: Social Structure Theories: It’s How We Live 65
Chapter 8: Theories of Social Process and Social Development: It’s What We Learn 76
PP
Chapter 9: Social Conflict Theories: It’s How We Relate 89
Chapter 10: Criminal Victimization: It’s Personal 101
Chapter 11: Crimes against Persons: It’s What We Fear 113
RO
Chapter 12: Crimes against Property: It’s What We Lose 126
Chapter 13: White-Collar and Organized Crime: Crime as a Job 136
Chapter 14: Drug and Sex Crimes: Recreational Offenses 148
VE
Chapter 15: Technology and Crime: It’s a Double-Edged Sword 159
Chapter 16: Globalization and Terrorism: Our Small World 169
D?
Test Bank
Chapter 1 178
Chapter 2 200
??
Chapter 3 227
Chapter 4 250
iii
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Chapter 5 274
Chapter 6 293
ST
Chapter 7 317
Chapter 8 341
Chapter 9 364
UV
Chapter 10 388
Chapter 11 413
Chapter 12 434
IA
Chapter 13 454
Chapter 14 477
_A
Chapter 15 496
Chapter 16 516
PP
RO
VE
D?
??
iv
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
, Chapter 1
What Is Criminology?
ST
Understanding Crime and Criminals
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
UV
Chapter 1 introduces the textbook and to the field of criminology. Crime can be defined in a
variety of ways; the four main definitional perspectives see crime from the legalistic, political,
sociological, and psychological viewpoints. The text uses a legalistic approach, which sees crime
as “human conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local
jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws.” This approach does have some limitations,
IA
however, some of which may be addressed by the other perspectives on crime.
Many crimes are forms of deviant behavior, human activity that violates social norms;
however, not all crimes are deviant and not all deviant behavior is criminal. There is also a
significant difference between what is crime and what should be criminal. The consensus
_A
perspective holds that a law should be enacted to criminalize a certain behavior when the
members of a society generally agree that such a law is necessary. However, in a multicultural
society, consensus may be difficult to achieve. The diversity of society is recognized in the
pluralist perspective, which suggests that behaviors typically are criminalized through a political
process after debate over the appropriate course of action.
The field of criminology itself is discussed in detail, with various definitions considered.
PP
While criminology is primarily a social science, it is interdisciplinary. It contributes to, and
overlaps, the field of criminal justice. A criminologist is one who studies crime, criminals, and
criminal behavior; the term applies primarily to academics, researchers, and policy analysts with
advanced degrees who are involved in the study of crime and crime trends and in the analysis of
societal reactions to crime. Criminalists collect and examine physical evidence of crimes, while
RO
criminal justice professionals do the daily work of the criminal justice system. There are many
professional opportunities for individuals with degrees in criminology.
One subfield is theoretical criminology, which posits explanations for criminal behavior.
There are many different theories of crime. General theories attempt to explain all (or most)
forms of criminal conduct through a single overarching approach. An integrated theory does not
necessarily attempt to explain all criminality but merges concepts drawn from different sources.
VE
Evidence-based criminology or knowledge-based criminology involves the use of rigorous
scientific techniques to develop knowledge in the field of criminology. It is focusing on the
creation of a body of scientific evidence that is applicable to modern social problems and
realities.
D?
Criminological theorizing has as its ultimate goal the development of meaningful social
policies based on scientific evidence. Translational criminology involves translating
criminological research results into workable social policy. Translating research into practice is
often difficult, even with solid evidence to support policy innovations. For example, despite
widespread concern among professional groups about the effect of the media on teenage violence,
policymakers have been reluctant to curtail the production of violent media. Essentially there is a
??
conflict between crime reduction policies and the profit motives of media vendors.
The social policy theme of the text is presented through a contrast of the two main
perspectives popular in today’s society: the social problems perspective and the individual
1
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Inc.
