Microbio 303 Exam queries with
answers graded A+
Viruses - ANS✅✅made of proteins and nucleic acids
Prions - ANS✅✅infectious proteins
Eukaryotes - ANS✅✅organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles
Prokaryotes - ANS✅✅Cells that do not contain nuclei
Bactria and archaea
4.6 bya - ANS✅✅When did Earth form?
3.8 bya - ANS✅✅origin of life
RNA world hypothesis - ANS✅✅hypothesis that RNA was the first nucleic acid to evolve and that
early life was based on RNA, rather than DNA or protein. RNA can both store info and act as a
catalyst (ribozyme).
3 domains - ANS✅✅Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Carl Woese - ANS✅✅Created phylogenetic tree with 3 domains based on sequencing 16s rRNA
gene
LUCA - ANS✅✅last universal common ancestor
Leeuwenhook - ANS✅✅first one to discover microbial world with homemade "microscopes".
"Father of Microbiology"
,John Snow - ANS✅✅"Father of Epidemiology", studied the London Cholera epidemics of 1854,
suspected it was from the water, as most cases were found close to the Broad Street pump. Early
germ theory
Pasteur - ANS✅✅disproved spontaneous generation with swan neck flask experiments.
Attentuation - ANS✅✅weakening of a pathogen's disease-producing ability creating a milder
version. Pasteur used to create first anthrax, rabies vaccines
Koch's Postulates - ANS✅✅a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific
microbe to a specific disease
Koch - ANS✅✅created agar petri dishes and pure culture of single colonies.
Simple stain - ANS✅✅one color. Stains all cells similarly and components
RNA sequences are - ANS✅✅universal, conserved, large, and not often transferred horizontally.
Differential stain - ANS✅✅a stain that distinguishes objects on the basis of reactions to the
staining procedure. Different cell color based on class of organism and its properties
Specialized stain - ANS✅✅a type of differential stain that is focused on a specific subcellular or
extracellular structure
ex. flagella or mitochondria
When does Koch's postulates fail? - ANS✅✅- asymptomatic disease
-polymicrobial diseases
-unculturable microbes
-diseases w/out an animal model
-viruses
Koch's postulates - ANS✅✅1) Microorganism is present in every case of the disease but not in
healthy subjects
, 2) suspected microorganism is isolated in pure culture
3)same disease/symptoms must result from inoculation of microorganism into a healthy host
4) same microorganism is re-isolated from newly diseased host
Eukaryote size - ANS✅✅25-200 um micrometers
Eukaryotes can be seen with - ANS✅✅unaided eye (sometimes) and light microscopy
Bacteria and Archaea size - ANS✅✅0.1-10 um micrometers
Bacteria and Archaea can be seen with - ANS✅✅Electron microscope or light microscope
Virus size - ANS✅✅generally less than 100 nanometers (0.1 um)
Viruses must been seen with - ANS✅✅electron microscope
Light microscopy - ANS✅✅any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens
dark field- dark background
light field- light background (staining needed normally)
phase contrast- normally in culture, transparent cells
fluorescence- target cells in situ or cell components
Electron microscopy - ANS✅✅microscopy using a microscope that employs a beam of electrons to
illuminate the specimen. As electrons have a much smaller wavelength than light they produce
images with higher resolutions than light microscopes.
transmission- cross sections, slices
scanning- shows surface
cell membrane - ANS✅✅hydrophilic heads on outside, hydrophobic tails on inside. Normally a
bilayer (except some archaea).
Fluid and mosaic. Move laterally but are constrained by rigid regions (like proteins)
answers graded A+
Viruses - ANS✅✅made of proteins and nucleic acids
Prions - ANS✅✅infectious proteins
Eukaryotes - ANS✅✅organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles
Prokaryotes - ANS✅✅Cells that do not contain nuclei
Bactria and archaea
4.6 bya - ANS✅✅When did Earth form?
3.8 bya - ANS✅✅origin of life
RNA world hypothesis - ANS✅✅hypothesis that RNA was the first nucleic acid to evolve and that
early life was based on RNA, rather than DNA or protein. RNA can both store info and act as a
catalyst (ribozyme).
3 domains - ANS✅✅Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Carl Woese - ANS✅✅Created phylogenetic tree with 3 domains based on sequencing 16s rRNA
gene
LUCA - ANS✅✅last universal common ancestor
Leeuwenhook - ANS✅✅first one to discover microbial world with homemade "microscopes".
"Father of Microbiology"
,John Snow - ANS✅✅"Father of Epidemiology", studied the London Cholera epidemics of 1854,
suspected it was from the water, as most cases were found close to the Broad Street pump. Early
germ theory
Pasteur - ANS✅✅disproved spontaneous generation with swan neck flask experiments.
Attentuation - ANS✅✅weakening of a pathogen's disease-producing ability creating a milder
version. Pasteur used to create first anthrax, rabies vaccines
Koch's Postulates - ANS✅✅a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific
microbe to a specific disease
Koch - ANS✅✅created agar petri dishes and pure culture of single colonies.
Simple stain - ANS✅✅one color. Stains all cells similarly and components
RNA sequences are - ANS✅✅universal, conserved, large, and not often transferred horizontally.
Differential stain - ANS✅✅a stain that distinguishes objects on the basis of reactions to the
staining procedure. Different cell color based on class of organism and its properties
Specialized stain - ANS✅✅a type of differential stain that is focused on a specific subcellular or
extracellular structure
ex. flagella or mitochondria
When does Koch's postulates fail? - ANS✅✅- asymptomatic disease
-polymicrobial diseases
-unculturable microbes
-diseases w/out an animal model
-viruses
Koch's postulates - ANS✅✅1) Microorganism is present in every case of the disease but not in
healthy subjects
, 2) suspected microorganism is isolated in pure culture
3)same disease/symptoms must result from inoculation of microorganism into a healthy host
4) same microorganism is re-isolated from newly diseased host
Eukaryote size - ANS✅✅25-200 um micrometers
Eukaryotes can be seen with - ANS✅✅unaided eye (sometimes) and light microscopy
Bacteria and Archaea size - ANS✅✅0.1-10 um micrometers
Bacteria and Archaea can be seen with - ANS✅✅Electron microscope or light microscope
Virus size - ANS✅✅generally less than 100 nanometers (0.1 um)
Viruses must been seen with - ANS✅✅electron microscope
Light microscopy - ANS✅✅any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens
dark field- dark background
light field- light background (staining needed normally)
phase contrast- normally in culture, transparent cells
fluorescence- target cells in situ or cell components
Electron microscopy - ANS✅✅microscopy using a microscope that employs a beam of electrons to
illuminate the specimen. As electrons have a much smaller wavelength than light they produce
images with higher resolutions than light microscopes.
transmission- cross sections, slices
scanning- shows surface
cell membrane - ANS✅✅hydrophilic heads on outside, hydrophobic tails on inside. Normally a
bilayer (except some archaea).
Fluid and mosaic. Move laterally but are constrained by rigid regions (like proteins)
