NU 578 Unit 4
1. Insulin use
Answer Insulin is used to treat all patients with type 1 and many with type 2 diabetes. consists of two amino acid
chains (a acidic and b basic) linked by two disulfide bridges. it is synthesized in the pancreas by b ce;;s within islets of
langerhans. insulin is released by rise in blood sugar (eating a. meal).
Anaolic reaction (insulin promotes conservation of energy and buildup of energy stores)
2. Insulin metabolic actions
Answer Insulin promotes glucose into glycogen, amino acids assembled into pro- teins, fatty acids into
triglycerides.
Insulin deficiency promotes glycogen into glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats into glycerol.
3. Metformin use
Answer Biguanide
used for type 2 DM. oral anti diabetic. may be used with other drugs. can be used for prevention of type 2 diabetes,
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26
,GDM, PCOS.
Reduces GI absorbance of glucose and hepatic production of glucose. Does not stimulate insulin release from the
pancreas.
Increases HDL, decreases BP, promotes weight loss.
4. DPP-4 Inhibitors (gliptins)
Answer go to pancreas and increase insulin release. Example is Sitaglitpin
5. Sodium Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2 inhibitors). (gliflozins)
Ex- ample
empagliflozin
increases urine excretion of glucose, taken PO, reduces cardiovascular risk of type 2 diabetes.
SE
Answer yeast infections and genital gangrene
6. Incretin Mimetics ('tides)
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, Answer injectables that slow gastric emptying, causes weight loss and help an overwhelmed
pancreas.
7. solfonylureas
stimulate pancreas to release more insulin. range in onset, duration, and potency and are only used for type 2
diabetes. there are first generation and second generation. second are more potent and doses are lower and drug
drug interactions are less common
AE
Answer hypoglycemia
8. Acarbose
Answer a glucosidase inhibitor
oral anti diabetic agent that inhibits breakdown of oligosaccharides into monosaccharides. this delays digestion and
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26
1. Insulin use
Answer Insulin is used to treat all patients with type 1 and many with type 2 diabetes. consists of two amino acid
chains (a acidic and b basic) linked by two disulfide bridges. it is synthesized in the pancreas by b ce;;s within islets of
langerhans. insulin is released by rise in blood sugar (eating a. meal).
Anaolic reaction (insulin promotes conservation of energy and buildup of energy stores)
2. Insulin metabolic actions
Answer Insulin promotes glucose into glycogen, amino acids assembled into pro- teins, fatty acids into
triglycerides.
Insulin deficiency promotes glycogen into glucose, proteins into amino acids, and fats into glycerol.
3. Metformin use
Answer Biguanide
used for type 2 DM. oral anti diabetic. may be used with other drugs. can be used for prevention of type 2 diabetes,
1/
26
,GDM, PCOS.
Reduces GI absorbance of glucose and hepatic production of glucose. Does not stimulate insulin release from the
pancreas.
Increases HDL, decreases BP, promotes weight loss.
4. DPP-4 Inhibitors (gliptins)
Answer go to pancreas and increase insulin release. Example is Sitaglitpin
5. Sodium Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2 inhibitors). (gliflozins)
Ex- ample
empagliflozin
increases urine excretion of glucose, taken PO, reduces cardiovascular risk of type 2 diabetes.
SE
Answer yeast infections and genital gangrene
6. Incretin Mimetics ('tides)
2/
26
, Answer injectables that slow gastric emptying, causes weight loss and help an overwhelmed
pancreas.
7. solfonylureas
stimulate pancreas to release more insulin. range in onset, duration, and potency and are only used for type 2
diabetes. there are first generation and second generation. second are more potent and doses are lower and drug
drug interactions are less common
AE
Answer hypoglycemia
8. Acarbose
Answer a glucosidase inhibitor
oral anti diabetic agent that inhibits breakdown of oligosaccharides into monosaccharides. this delays digestion and
3/
26
