BIO 230 EXAM 1 SFSU 2025. 100% COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATE. VERIFIED LATEST REVISED VERSION.

BIO 230 EXAM 1 SFSU 2025. 100% COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UPDATE. VERIFIED LATEST REVISED VERSION. 1. U-ABC-IT Use evidence, ask questions, be skeptical, culti- vate wonder, identify confusions, think like a biol- ogist 2. What are the com- mon functions of living things? Move, reproduce, exchange gasses, grow 3. What are common struc- tures of living things? Tissues, organelles, organs, cells 4. Which of the following are considered to be alive? Protein, Bacteria, yeast, viruses, prions, DNA, candles, chemical reactions, water? Bacteria and yeast because they are both made up of one or more cells 5. How would you evaluate an unknown specimen to determine if its living? I would determine if something is living based off of its structure. Is it made up of one or more cells? 6. If the cell were the size of our lecture hall, how would you explain to a friend how big a water molecule would be? I would say that a water molecule would be the size of like a grain of rice compared to the lecture hall (cell) 7. Which is usually bigger, an organelle or a cell? a cell is usually larger, because organelles are living inside of cells 8. Which is usually bigger, a glucose molecule or an organelle? An organelle is larger 9. Which is usually bigger, a DNA molecule or a car- bon atom? a DNA molecule is larger A virus is larger 10. 1 / 9 Which is usually bigger, a virus or a protein mole- cule? 11. How would you respond to someone who told you not to eat Altoids be- cause they cause mad cow disease? Where is the evidence to support this claim? 12. What evidence were you able to find to confirm or refute that Altoids cause mad cow disease? Mad cow disease is caused by a prion (protein) which attacks the cows brain and spinal cord, nei- ther of which are used to make gelatin; therefore, the gelatin in Altoids cannot be the cause of mads cow disease 13. What are prions? Misfolded proteins which cause other proteins to misfiled 14. Are prions alive? No, they are proteins which is just a macromole- cule. 15. How are prokaryotic cells they both have cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribo- and eukaryotic cells sim- somes ilar? 16. How are prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells have organelles, a nucleus, lin- and eukaryotic cells dif- ferent? ear DNA Prokaryotic cells have circular DNA and no or- ganelles 17. What kids of organisms are prokaryotes? bacteria 18. What kids of organisms are eukaryotes? Humans, plants, animals 19. What is the endosymbiot- A theory that eukaryotes came from prokaryotes, ic theory? the idea is some of the organelles in eukaryotes 2 / 9 came from prokaryotes (chloroplasts and mito- chondria) 20. What is the evidence to support the endosymbi- otic theory? Chloroplasts and mitochondria both have circular DNA and ribosomes similar to those of bacteria (prokaryote) 21. Who is Lynn Margulis? She is the person who found evidence to support the endosymbiotic theory 22. Where are organelles like they're thought to have come from prokaryotes mitochondria and chloro- plasts thought to have come from? 23. What are the four main classes of biologi- cal macromolecules and their primary functions? Lipid - Store energy Carbohydrate - energy Nucleic acid - store genetic information Protein - build/do things 24. What are examples of each of these four main classes of macromole- cules? Lipid - fat Carbohydrate - fructose Nucleic acid - DNA Protein - Prion 25. Covalent Bond Share electrons, Strong 26. Ionic Bond Steal electrons, Strong 27. Hydrogen Bond attracted to electrons, weak 28. Can you draw water mol- ecules correctly? 29. What is DNA made up of? Phosphate group, sugar, nucleotide 3 / 9 30. What are the key features It is helical, linear, and easy to unzip. its structure of the structure of DNA? is like a spiral stair case, the phosphate and sugar are the rails and the nucleotides are the steps (connected by h bonds) 31. Where are the phos- phates in a DNA mole- cule? They are the outermost part of the molecule, they are the "handle" of the spiral stair case 32. Where are the sugars in a They are between the phosphate group and nu- DNA molecule? cleotide 33. Where are the nu- cleotides in a DNA mole- cule? They're the innermost part of the molecule 34. What is the purpose of hydrogen bonds? They hold the nucleotides together in DNA Weak 35. Are hydrogen bonds weak or strong? The structure is very easy to unzip, which makes transcription very easy 36. How did the structure of DNA give scientists in- sight to its function? Genome is the total genetic material (all of the 37. How would you explain to a friend the similarities DNA), chromosomes are condensed genetic ma- and differences between terial which is composed of different genes DNA, genes, chromo- somes, and genomes? 38. Where is genetic informa-it is stored in the nitrogenous base tion stored in a DNA mol- ecule? 39. Where is DNA in a cell? nucleus 40. Where is RNA in a cell? synthesized in nucleus, but found in cytoplasm 4 / 9 41. What are codons? a sequence of three nucleotides that form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule. 42. What is the function of DNA? to store genetic information 43. How does DNA code for RNA? transcription, DNA copies itself and then codes for RNA in nucleus 44. How does RNA code for protein? translation, Ribosomes, RNA codes for amino acids which make up a protein in the cytoplasm 45. What is transcription? Transcription is the process by which the infor- mation in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). 46. What is translation? Translation is the process that takes the code from DNA to assemble the amino acids in a spec- ified sequence to make a protein. 47. What percentage of the human genome is thought to code for pro- tein? 1.5% 48. What is known about the rest of the DNA sequences, sometimes called "non-coding" or "junk" DNA? Telomeres, introns, promoters 49. What are introns? Introns are the pieces removed from pre-mRNA molecules. 50. What are exons? The remaining pieces of pre-mRNA that are spliced together to form the final mRNA. 51. What are promoters? Region of DNA that control when and where a gene is "turned on" 5 / 9 52. What are telomeres? tips of chromosomes 53. What is one way that transcription and trans- lation different between a prokaryote and eukary- ote? In prokaryotes both processes happen in the cy- toplasm, where as transcription happens in the nucleus in Eukaryotes 54. What are at least 3 exam- telomerase - telomere growth ples of proteins and what prion - misfolded protein they do? DNA polymerase - starts DNA replication process 55. How can small changes in DNA result in big, small, or no changes in the physical characteris- tics of a living thing? Depending on the mutation, and how much of the DNA is affected determines how severe the damage is. 56. What are different ways that DNA can be mutated to produce different pro- teins than originally cod- ed for? Insertion, deletion, substitution 57. What are frame-shift mu- insertions and deletions that change the way the tations? message is read 58. What are point muta- tions? gene mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides 59. What are deletion muta- tions? When a base is