BSNC 1000 MIDTERM 1 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS

BSNC 1000 MIDTERM 1 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS "When does infection develop? - CORRECT ANSWER If the 6 chain link of infection remains intact" "Presence of pathogen means infection will begin... True or False? - CORRECT ANSWER False, potentital for infection depends on - sufficient number of organisms -virulence (ability to produce disease) -ability to enter/survive host -susceptibility of host" "What is an Infecious agent? - CORRECT ANSWER a pathogen.. example: bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa" "What are Resident/Transient flora? How are they killed - CORRECT ANSWER -permanent residents of skin -survive/multiply without causing harm -killed by performing hand hygiene containing antimicrobial ingredients." "Whats a Reservoir? - CORRECT ANSWER -source for pathogen growth -pathogen can survive, may/may not multiply - food, oxygen, water, temp, pH, minimal light" "Whats a major mode of transmission in Health Care Facilities? - CORRECT ANSWER indirect contact!! -HCP picks up microbes from one person/place/thing and transmits to other people/place/things (usually due to lack of hand hygiene or preventative measures." "Whats a Portal of Entry? - CORRECT ANSWER the way pathogen can enter body examples of portals of entry are same as portals of exit.." "Whats a Susceptible Host? - CORRECT ANSWER depends on individual degree of resistance to pathogen" "Whats an Infection - CORRECT ANSWER disease state resulting from entry & multiplication of pathogen in tissues of host, causing body to manifest clinical sign/symptoms" "Whats a communicable infection? - CORRECT ANSWER infection can be transmitted from one person to another (contagious)" "Define Health - CORRECT ANSWER derived from old English word hoelth, meaning whole of body - state of complete, physical, mental and social well-being and note merely the absence of disease or infirmity" "Define Disease - CORRECT ANSWER objective state of ill health, pathological process of which can be detected by medical science" "Define Chronic Disease Self Management - CORRECT ANSWER multidisciplinary approach that emphasizes prevention, early detection, and management of chronic condition. individuals maintain health & independence as much as possible and are partners in their own care." - professional nurses collab w/ health care professionals to maintain/improve health of Canadians by addressing health inequities influenced by DoH" "What are Determinants of Health (DoH)? - CORRECT ANSWER Range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that combine together to affect health status of individuals and communities." "What are Social Determinants of Health (SDoH)? - CORRECT ANSWER Broader forces (politics & economics) that interact to influence risk to health/well-being and affect how vulnerable/resilient people are to disease/injury" “Primary Prevention is associated as what stage: - CORRECT ANSWER pre pathogenesis" "Primary Prevention is aimed at who, and is used for what? - CORRECT ANSWER - aimed at: groups, individuals, and populations susceptible to disease but have no discernible pathology - used to prevent occurrence of disease/injury" "What are some Primary Prevention techniques for environmental protection? - CORRECT ANSWER - workplace hazard - air quality control -basic sanitization" "What are specific Primary Prevention methods to protect against disease/injury - CORRECT ANSWER -immunizations -seat belts -actions taken to reduce exposure to cancer-causing agents" "What phase is Secondary Prevention associated with? - CORRECT ANSWER pathogenesis" "What is a key component of Secondary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWER screening: aimed for early detection and treatment" "What is Secondary Prevention used for - CORRECT ANSWER to detect disease early in progression, before clinical signs/symptoms become apparent to make diagnosis & begin treatment" "Whats Tertiary Prevention used for? - CORRECT ANSWER - reduce amount of disability that may occur - begin rehabilitation -increase quality of life. - interrupt course of disease" "Where does Tertiary Prevention usually take place? - CORRECT ANSWER specialized clinics, hospitals, rehabilitation" "Whats a Portal of Exit from reservoir - CORRECT ANSWER -passage by which pathogen leaves reservoir" "Whats example of Portal of Exit? - CORRECT ANSWER Body openings: mouth, nose, rectal, vag, urethral, ostomies, cut, scrape, wound, break in mucous membrane" "How are pathogens carried through portals of exit? - CORRECT ANSWER -blood -body fluid -excretions (urine, stool, saliva, semen)" "What are the 5 GENERAL groups for Modes of Transmission? - CORRECT ANSWER Contact Droplet Airborne Vehicle Vectorborne" "For "Contact Transmission" what is it? What are its subcategories - CORRECT ANSWER Transfer of microbes by physical touch - direct contact: physical skin-skin between infected/colonized individual indirect contact: between susceptible host & contaminated object (soiled linen)" "What is Droplet Transmission? - CORRECT ANSWER large particles from respiratory system of infected source propelled up 2 m through air & deposited onto susceptible host" "Whats Airborne Transmission? - CORRECT ANSWER small particles containing microbes remain suspended in air for long periods of time -> air currents transmit particles long distances -> susceptible host inhales them" "Whats Vehicle Transmission? - CORRECT ANSWER single contaminated source transmits infection to multiple hosts, possibly by outbreak." "What is Vectorborne Transmission? - CORRECT ANSWER insects or pests transmit microbes to humans" "Define Population Health - CORRECT ANSWER Health outcomes of population measured by DoH & health status indicators - approach aims to improve health promotion & reduce health inequities" "Scope of Population Health - CORRECT ANSWER Society, population, communities, groups, families, individuals Illness - CORRECT ANSWER Experience of being sick - Perception of reactions to physical/psychological condition - Subjective" "Disease - CORRECT ANSWER - Physiological/psychological dysfunction, involves abnormality - Evidence based - Objective" "Primary prevention for diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER - Limiting sugar intake, health weight, physical activity" "Secondary prevention for diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER - Screening, promoting healthy lifestyle" "Tertiary prevention for diabetes - CORRECT ANSWER - Blood glucose levels, visiting endocrinologist, A1C" "Chronic disease management examples - CORRECT ANSWER - Self care - Requires ongoing, planned, integrated approach - Education, support, action plans" "Descriptive epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER - Examines health outcomes in terms of who, where, when in relation to what" "Analytic epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER - Examines ethology of a disease (cause), why and how" "Incidence - CORRECT ANSWER - Measure of number of new cases of a disease or a event in population at risk over a defined period" "Prevalence - CORRECT ANSWER - identifies number of person in a population who have disease or experience health event in a time period" "Morbidity - CORRECT ANSWER - Proportion of illness in a population, number of reported cases in a certain population" "Mortality - CORRECT ANSWER - Incidence of deaths in a population" "Risk - CORRECT ANSWER - Chance that something will harm or affect ones health" "Client education - CORRECT ANSWER - Resources available - Understand where pt is at and offer resources specific to their care" "Scope of capacity building: Takes place in - CORRECT ANSWER Targeting vulnerable population: Naloxone kits, foot hygiene, charities" "Approach of capacity building - CORRECT ANSWER Safe injection sites, individualized care" "Importance of health literacy - CORRECT ANSWER To be aware of care, protect health, better management of health, preventing disease" "3 most vulnerable groups in health literacy - CORRECT ANSWER - Immigrants, seniors, don't speak language" "Outcomes of client education - CORRECT ANSWER - Conditions improve - Maintain condition - Utilize resources, medication and support systems" "Characteristics of CDM - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Supportive environments 2. Health public policy 3. Informatics systems 4. Delivery systems design/reorient health services 5. Decision support 6. Self-managment" "Perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER Flow of blood through arteries and capillaries, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues" "Components of the circulatory system - CORRECT ANSWER Heart, arterial system, capillary beds, venous systems" "Heart - CORRECT ANSWER Forces blood around body, rhythmic contractions" "Capillary beds - CORRECT ANSWER Transfer of material by the way circulation and tissues - Thin walls" "Arterial system - CORRECT ANSWER Distribute blood, pressure reservoir" "Venous system - CORRECT ANSWER Returns blood to heart, volume reservoir - Compliant vessels" "Optimal perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER blood flow and oxygen delivery" "Impaired perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER Mismatch between tissue needs and perfusion to tissues - Could lead to ischemia (cell injury)" "No perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER Infarction (cell death)" "Central perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER Flow of blood from heart to tissues and back to heart" "Factors of central perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER Cardiac output, stroke volume, cholesterol, CNS, BP" "Tissue perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER the flow of blood through arteries, arterioles and capillaries to target tissue" "Factors of tissue perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER Shock, trauma, bruises, medication" "Normal BP - CORRECT ANSWER 120/80" "Impaired perfusion variations - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Duration 2. Type 3. Degree of impairment" "Duration - CORRECT ANSWER acute vs chronic" "Type - CORRECT ANSWER central vs tissue" "Degree of impairment - CORRECT ANSWER Ischemia vs infarction" "Ischemia - CORRECT ANSWER Decreased blood supply to a tissue causing cell injury" "Infarction - CORRECT ANSWER Tissue death arising from severe ischemia" "Conditions that impair central perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER HTN, age, thrombi, shock" "Conditions that impair tissue perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER Age, blood loss, immobility" "Consequences that impaired central perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER MI, organ failure" "Consequences that impair tissue perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER Necrosis, edema, DVT" "Acute perfusion impairment - CORRECT ANSWER Active bleeding, shock, MI, stroke" "Chronic perfusion impairment - CORRECT ANSWER HTN, bradycardia, HF" "Populations at risk for impaired perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER Older adults, lifestyle factors, smoking, obesity" "Determinants of perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER 1. BP 2. Cardiac output 3. peripheral vasular resistance" "BP - CORRECT ANSWER Force of blood pressure against the blood vessels" "peripheral resistance (PR) - CORRECT ANSWER TPR or SVR" "Example of microvascular changes - CORRECT ANSWER Rarefaction" "Heart and arteries and HTN example - CORRECT ANSWER Angina, MI, atherosclerosis" "Brain and HTN - CORRECT ANSWER Increased pressure in arteries in the brain" "Examples of HTN in brain - CORRECT ANSWER Aneurysm, stroke" "Kidneys and HTN - CORRECT ANSWER Increased pressure in the afferent arterioles of the kidneys=altered glomerular filtration pressure" "Eyes and HTN - CORRECT ANSWER Increased pressure in the arterioles of the eyes" "Common vital signs - CORRECT ANSWER RR, blood pressure, temp, HR, saO2, LOC, pain" "Components of a perfusion assessment - CORRECT ANSWER Client or health hx - Physical exam - Diagnostic - ECG - Vitals - Holter - US, MRI, Xray, echo - Blood tests" "Methods of perfusion assessments - CORRECT ANSWER - Presentation of the patient - Inspection - Palpation - Percussion - Auscultation - Communication" "Signs of symptoms of optimal perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER - Vitals signs in optimal limits - Can talk - Can stand and walk around" "Signs and symptoms of non-optimal perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER - Edema - SOB - Abnormal BP" "Pathogenesis of COPD - CORRECT ANSWER Chronic irritation leads to inflammation and mucus hyper secretion" "Obstruction of the airways result in - CORRECT ANSWER V/Q mismatch Hypoxemia Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction" "Two types of COPD - CORRECT ANSWER chronic bronchitis and emphysema" "Emphysema - CORRECT ANSWER Recurrent damage to alveolar wall and capillary beds, leading to enlargement of the air spaces" "Damage to lungs with COPD - CORRECT ANSWER - Decreased surface area for diffusion - Decreased airway patency - Increased lung compliance - Increased air trapping and overinflated lungs" "Dyspnea - CORRECT ANSWER SOB" "Hyperventilation - CORRECT ANSWER Over-ventilation above that is needed for the boys co2 elimination - Results in decrease of paCO2" "Shallow breathing - CORRECT ANSWER Breathing without the diaphragm" "Clinical manifestations of COPD - CORRECT ANSWER Progressive and variable, chronic cough and SOB and chest discomfort" "Air trapping compensation in COPD - CORRECT ANSWER Increased pressure in the respiratory tract - Overcomes pressures that collapse the lungs - Keeps bronchioles open - Increase expiration" "Severe air trapping: Barrel chest - CORRECT ANSWER Chronic and severe air trapping can lead to anatomical changes - Hyperinflation of lungs - Flattened diaphragm - Increased anterior-posterior dimension - Increased WOB" "Lung volumes and capacities that are affected by destruction of alveoli - CORRECT ANSWER Decrease ERV increase RV" "Emphysema conditions - CORRECT ANSWER Decreased recoil requires use of forced expiration Increase WOB Respiratory muscle fatigue" "12 core determinants of health - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Gender 2. Health services 3. Employment 4. Education 5. Physical environments 6. Social support networks 7. Personal health practices and coping skills 8. Social environments 9. Healthy child development 10. Biology and genetic environment 11. Culture 12. Financial and social status" "Community health - CORRECT ANSWER - Community in a population - Knowing someone belongs, trust, supportive - Belonging to groups, supports, recreation, faith and public health" "Population Health - CORRECT ANSWER - Looking at conditions that could affect health" "Conditions in population health that affect health - CORRECT ANSWER - Sanitation - Air quality - Mold - Birth rate decline - Mortality rates" "Population health exemplars - CORRECT ANSWER - Promote vaccines, promotes healthcare child experience - Illness/injury=WCB" "Prevalence - CORRECT ANSWER - Number of people that have disease" "Epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER - Science of understanding certain populations at risk for illness" "Levels of prevention - CORRECT ANSWER tertiary > secondary > primary" "Primary prevention - CORRECT ANSWER Before condition occurs - Eating habits, covid vaccine, vaccination (in children), PPE" "Secondary prevention - CORRECT ANSWER During development of condition - Health screening - Strategies that can manage a disease - Vaccinations for adults experiencing comorbidities" "Tertiary prevention - CORRECT ANSWER After condition occured - Diabetes (blood sugar monitoring) - Cardiac disease (BP) - Mastectomy (Breast cancer)" "Epidemiology triad - CORRECT ANSWER - Helps us understand transmission of disease or the risk of disease occurring in a certain population" "Triad- Environment - CORRECT ANSWER - Causes harm to host and has agents - Temperature, humidity, altitude, crowding" "Triad- Host - CORRECT ANSWER - Carrier= age sex, race, previous disease, immune status" "Triad- Agent - CORRECT ANSWER - Causes harm to host, chemical, physical, lack of or excess of nutrition" "Infant Stage - CORRECT ANSWER Birth to 12 months - Premature - Nutrition - Environment" "Adolescent - CORRECT ANSWER 12-18 years" "Young adult - CORRECT ANSWER 18-35 years" "Older adult - CORRECT ANSWER 65 and older" "Old Old adult - CORRECT ANSWER >85 years" "Young old - CORRECT ANSWER 65-74" "Middle old - CORRECT ANSWER 75-84" "Developmental tasks - CORRECT ANSWER - Arise at or about a certain period in life" "Common psychosocial adjustments for older adults - CORRECT ANSWER - Income - Social status - Isolation - Retirement" "Stochastic Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Aging as seen as events that occur randomly and accumulate overtime" "Examples of stochastic theory - CORRECT ANSWER Cancer, grey hair, skin, bone health" "Non-stochastic theory - CORRECT ANSWER Aging is seen as predetermined, timed phenomena, cellular level" "Non-stochastic theory examples - CORRECT ANSWER Thinning hair, cardiac changes, skin changes, nail changes, menopause" "Capacity Building - CORRECT ANSWER - Process of empowering others and strengthening their capabilities - understand recommendation of certain health care concerns - Understand literacy levels - Get to know pt hx" "Behaviour Change Model- 3 A's - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Assess 2. Advise 3. Agree" "Assess - CORRECT ANSWER Beliefs, behaviour, knowledge" "Advise - CORRECT ANSWER Provide specific information about health risks and benefits of change" "Agree - CORRECT ANSWER Collaboratively set goals based on patients interest and confidence in their ability to change the behaviour" "Teaching strategies for poor vision - CORRECT ANSWER Aid, background colours, descriptive video" "Teaching strategies for hearing loss - CORRECT ANSWER Reducing background noise, lower tones, hearing aids" "Teaching strategies for slow to process information - CORRECT ANSWER Speak slowly, deliver information in chunks" "Teaching strategies for forgetfulness - CORRECT ANSWER Follow a routine, staying organized" "Teaching strategies for tiredness - CORRECT ANSWER Taking medication at same times" "Teaching strategies for lack of interest in change - CORRECT ANSWER Reinforce positive outcomes, setting them at their levels, assessing literacy level" "Teaching strategies for fine motor skills - CORRECT ANSWER OT, PT" "Teaching strategies for distractions - CORRECT ANSWER Set smaller goals, trying to control environments" "Peripheral restistance - CORRECT ANSWER Force that must overcome to push blood through circulatory system" "Peripheral resistance influenced by - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Wall tension 2. Sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle of vessel walls 3. Blood viscosity 4. Vessel radius" "Determinants of blood flow - CORRECT ANSWER Viscosity, velocity of blood, vessel radius and elasticity" "Hormones influencing BP - CORRECT ANSWER Epinephrine and norepinephrine" "Physiological variations of BP - CORRECT ANSWER Age Stress Circadian variations" "Age and BP - CORRECT ANSWER Bp increase with age due to blood vessel stiffening and narrowing" "Stress and BP - CORRECT ANSWER Bp increases during physiological or emotional stress" "Circadian variations and BP - CORRECT ANSWER Bp is highest shortly after waking, lowest between 2-5am" "Etiology - CORRECT ANSWER cause of disease" "Pathogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER development of disease" "Clinical manifestation - CORRECT ANSWER signs and symptoms or evidence of disease" "HTN definition - CORRECT ANSWER Sustained elevation of bp within the arterial circuit" "High BP (stage 1) - CORRECT ANSWER 130-139/80-90" "Hypertensive crisis BP - CORRECT ANSWER Higher than 180/higher than 120" "Isolated systolic hypertension - CORRECT ANSWER High systolic pressure more than 130 but diastolic is less than 80" "Types of HTN - CORRECT ANSWER Primary Secondary" "Primary HTN - CORRECT ANSWER Most common Idiopathic (no specific cause)" "Secondary HTN - CORRECT ANSWER Caused by another disease" "Secondary HTN causes - CORRECT ANSWER Renal disease, endocrine disorders, sleep apnea" "Cause of Primary hypertension- Non-modifiable risk - CORRECT ANSWER Genetic predisposition Age Sex and race Family hx" "Modifiable risk factors for HTN - CORRECT ANSWER Excessive dietary sodium Smoking Chronic stress Obesity" "Heart-Clinical manifestations of HTN - CORRECT ANSWER - Left ventricular hypertrophy - Heart failure and peripheral edema" "Left ventricular hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER HTN increases the workload of left ventricle, ventricular myocardium remodels to keep up with cardiac output" "Heart failure - CORRECT ANSWER Blood pumping becomes less efficient- overtime ventricles becomes stiff and cardiac contractility is impaired" "HTN and arterial system - CORRECT ANSWER - Macrovascular changes in larger blood vessels that supply to heart and brain - Microscopic changes in small blood vessels that supply blood to eyes and kidneys" "Example of macrovasular changes - CORRECT ANSWER Artherosclerosis" "Signs of impaired perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER - Clammy, cool skin - Skin colour - Cyanosis - Turgor - Pulse" "COPD- Characterized by - CORRECT ANSWER Airflow limitation" "Severity of airflow limitation is evaluated by? - CORRECT ANSWER Forced expiratory volume" "COPD affect expiration more than inspiration because - CORRECT ANSWER Loss of elastic fibres and narrowed airways - Increased compliances - Loss of structural support - Increased airway resistance" "Risk factors of COPD - CORRECT ANSWER - Smoking hx - Environmental irritatants - Family hx - Frequent resp infections - Over age of 40" "Chronic bronchitis - CORRECT ANSWER Productive cough (with sputum) for most days in 3 consecutive months over 2 years"