BIOS 242 MIDTERM EXAM 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Birth of biotechnology or industrial microbiology - ANS mid 19th century, pasteurs
investigations into the cause of fermentation led to discovery that yeast can grow with or
without oxygen, and that bacteria ferment grape juice to produce acids, whereas yeast cells
ferment grape juice to produce alcohol.
biotechnology - ANS microbes are intentionally manipulated to manufacture products.
pasteurization - ANS the use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage
microorganisms in food and beverages.
1897 eduard buchner - ANS demonstrated process of enzymes and began the field of
biochemistry and study of metabolism
enzymes - ANS cell produced proteins that promote chemical reactions such as
fermentation.
metabolism - ANS sum of all chemical reactions in a organism.
germ theory of disease - ANS pastuers discovery that bacteria are responsible for spoiling
wine led to hypothesis that microorganisms are responsible for causing diseases. today we
know diseases are caused by other things like genetics toxins and allergies, so germ theory
really only applies to infectious disease.
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,pathogens - ANS microorganisms that cause specific diseases
etiology - ANS study of causation of disease. dominated by Robert Koch
Robert Koch - ANS search for disease agents such as bacteria responsible for anthrax,
developed techniques to isolate bacteria, stain cells, estimate population size, sterilize growth
media, transfer bacteria between media, achieved first photomicrograph of bacteria. His
greatest achievement was Kochs Postulates.
Koch's postulates - ANS in his publications on TB, he elaborated on a set of steps that must
be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease:
1-The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent form
healthy hosts.
2-The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
3-When the agent is introduced to a healthy susceptible host,the host must get the disease.
4-The same agent must be found int he diseased experimental host.
Christian Gram - ANS in 1884 Gram developed staining technique using a series of dyes that
leave some microbes purple and some pink. Still is most widely used staining technique today.
Distinguishes gram positive from gram negative bacteria and reflects differences in composition
of bacterial cell wall.
Semmelweis - ANS hypothesized that cadaver particles on med students hands are what
caused puerpural fever and deaths of women giving birth. Had them wash their hands in
chlorinated lime water before attending births and the number of deaths from puerpural fever
dropped the next year.
infection control and epidemiology - ANS 2 branches of microbiology, epidemiology=study of
the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans.
immunology - ANS stuyd of the bodys specific defenses against pathogens. began with
experiments of edward Jenner
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Edward Jenner - ANS showed that vaccination with pus collected from cowpox lesions
prevented smallpox. Pastuer later built on Jenners work to develop vaccines against fowl
cholera, anthrax, and rabies.
Chemotherapy, Paul erlich - ANS Branch of medical microbiology in which chemicals are
studied for their potential to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. Began with Paul erlich who
searched for a "magic bullet" that would kill microoganisms but would be nontoxic to humans.
He discovered chemicals effective against the agents that cause sleeping sickness and syphilis.
Biochemistry - ANS study of metabolism. Kluyver and Niel proposed biochemical reactions
are shared by all living things, are few in number, and involve the basic transfer of electrons and
hydrogen ions.
Microbial genetics - ANS microbial genetics=study of inheritance in microorganisms. A genes
activity is related to the function of the specific protein coded by that gene. We now know the
exact way in which genetic info is translated into a protein.
Molecular biology - ANS combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to
explain cell function at a molecular level. Particularly concerned with genome sequencing.
Genetic engineering - ANS the manipulation of genes in microbes, plants and animals for
practical applications such as development of pest resistant crops and the treatment of disease.
Gene therapy - ANS use of recombinant DNA (DNA composed of genes from more than one
organism) to insert a missing gene or repair a defective gene in human cells.
environmental microbiology - ANS studies the role microorganims play in their natural
environment. Microbial communities play an essential role in decay of dead organisms and
recycling of chemicals such as carbon nitrogen and sulfur. Environmental microbiologists also
limit the abundance of pathogenic microbes int eh environment, such as water purification and
sanitation.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, serology - ANS the study of blood serum, the liquid that remains after blood coagulates and
carries disease fighting chemicals. Found that body can defend itself against a remarkable range
of diseases, but medical intervention is often necessary.
penicillin - ANS antimicrobial discovered in 1929
sulfa drugs - ANS antimicrobial discovered in 1935
Which of the following is NOT a microscopic organism that Leeuwenhook was able to observe
under the microscope he created in 1674 - ANS Viruses. They were so small they were found
later in 1932.
According to the work of Buchner, which of the following is true of enzymes. - ANS They
promote chemical reactions
The scientific method consists of four basic steps. which option below shows the correct
sequence of events - ANS Ask a quesiton based upon observations, Generate hypothesis,
Conduct experiments, observe results
Which of the following statements is true of yeasts - ANS all of the above.
-have cell walls
-reproduce by budding
-used to make breads
-used to make wine and brew beer
which of the following satements is NOT true about endospores. - ANS They are reproductive
structures.
True= formed by the clostridium species
-may be classified as central, subterminal, or terminal
-they are formed when conditions are suboptimal
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
Birth of biotechnology or industrial microbiology - ANS mid 19th century, pasteurs
investigations into the cause of fermentation led to discovery that yeast can grow with or
without oxygen, and that bacteria ferment grape juice to produce acids, whereas yeast cells
ferment grape juice to produce alcohol.
biotechnology - ANS microbes are intentionally manipulated to manufacture products.
pasteurization - ANS the use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage
microorganisms in food and beverages.
1897 eduard buchner - ANS demonstrated process of enzymes and began the field of
biochemistry and study of metabolism
enzymes - ANS cell produced proteins that promote chemical reactions such as
fermentation.
metabolism - ANS sum of all chemical reactions in a organism.
germ theory of disease - ANS pastuers discovery that bacteria are responsible for spoiling
wine led to hypothesis that microorganisms are responsible for causing diseases. today we
know diseases are caused by other things like genetics toxins and allergies, so germ theory
really only applies to infectious disease.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,pathogens - ANS microorganisms that cause specific diseases
etiology - ANS study of causation of disease. dominated by Robert Koch
Robert Koch - ANS search for disease agents such as bacteria responsible for anthrax,
developed techniques to isolate bacteria, stain cells, estimate population size, sterilize growth
media, transfer bacteria between media, achieved first photomicrograph of bacteria. His
greatest achievement was Kochs Postulates.
Koch's postulates - ANS in his publications on TB, he elaborated on a set of steps that must
be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease:
1-The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent form
healthy hosts.
2-The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
3-When the agent is introduced to a healthy susceptible host,the host must get the disease.
4-The same agent must be found int he diseased experimental host.
Christian Gram - ANS in 1884 Gram developed staining technique using a series of dyes that
leave some microbes purple and some pink. Still is most widely used staining technique today.
Distinguishes gram positive from gram negative bacteria and reflects differences in composition
of bacterial cell wall.
Semmelweis - ANS hypothesized that cadaver particles on med students hands are what
caused puerpural fever and deaths of women giving birth. Had them wash their hands in
chlorinated lime water before attending births and the number of deaths from puerpural fever
dropped the next year.
infection control and epidemiology - ANS 2 branches of microbiology, epidemiology=study of
the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans.
immunology - ANS stuyd of the bodys specific defenses against pathogens. began with
experiments of edward Jenner
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Edward Jenner - ANS showed that vaccination with pus collected from cowpox lesions
prevented smallpox. Pastuer later built on Jenners work to develop vaccines against fowl
cholera, anthrax, and rabies.
Chemotherapy, Paul erlich - ANS Branch of medical microbiology in which chemicals are
studied for their potential to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. Began with Paul erlich who
searched for a "magic bullet" that would kill microoganisms but would be nontoxic to humans.
He discovered chemicals effective against the agents that cause sleeping sickness and syphilis.
Biochemistry - ANS study of metabolism. Kluyver and Niel proposed biochemical reactions
are shared by all living things, are few in number, and involve the basic transfer of electrons and
hydrogen ions.
Microbial genetics - ANS microbial genetics=study of inheritance in microorganisms. A genes
activity is related to the function of the specific protein coded by that gene. We now know the
exact way in which genetic info is translated into a protein.
Molecular biology - ANS combines aspects of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics to
explain cell function at a molecular level. Particularly concerned with genome sequencing.
Genetic engineering - ANS the manipulation of genes in microbes, plants and animals for
practical applications such as development of pest resistant crops and the treatment of disease.
Gene therapy - ANS use of recombinant DNA (DNA composed of genes from more than one
organism) to insert a missing gene or repair a defective gene in human cells.
environmental microbiology - ANS studies the role microorganims play in their natural
environment. Microbial communities play an essential role in decay of dead organisms and
recycling of chemicals such as carbon nitrogen and sulfur. Environmental microbiologists also
limit the abundance of pathogenic microbes int eh environment, such as water purification and
sanitation.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, serology - ANS the study of blood serum, the liquid that remains after blood coagulates and
carries disease fighting chemicals. Found that body can defend itself against a remarkable range
of diseases, but medical intervention is often necessary.
penicillin - ANS antimicrobial discovered in 1929
sulfa drugs - ANS antimicrobial discovered in 1935
Which of the following is NOT a microscopic organism that Leeuwenhook was able to observe
under the microscope he created in 1674 - ANS Viruses. They were so small they were found
later in 1932.
According to the work of Buchner, which of the following is true of enzymes. - ANS They
promote chemical reactions
The scientific method consists of four basic steps. which option below shows the correct
sequence of events - ANS Ask a quesiton based upon observations, Generate hypothesis,
Conduct experiments, observe results
Which of the following statements is true of yeasts - ANS all of the above.
-have cell walls
-reproduce by budding
-used to make breads
-used to make wine and brew beer
which of the following satements is NOT true about endospores. - ANS They are reproductive
structures.
True= formed by the clostridium species
-may be classified as central, subterminal, or terminal
-they are formed when conditions are suboptimal
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
