BIOS 242 Midterm with correct
answers 2025>2026
birthvofvbiotechnologyvorvindustrialvmicrobiologyv-
vvcorrectvanswersvmidv19thvcentury,vpasteursvinvestigationsvintovthevcausevofvfermentationvledvtovd
iscoveryvthatvyeastvcanvgrowvwithvorvwithoutvoxygen,vandvthatvbacteriavfermentvgrapevjuicevtovpro
ducevacids,vwhereasvyeastvcellsvfermentvgrapevjuicevtovproducevalcohol.
biotechnologyv-
vvcorrectvanswersvmicrobesvarevintentionallyvmanipulatedvtovmanufacturevproducts.
pasteurizationv-
vvcorrectvanswersvthevusevofvheatvtovkillvpathogensvandvreducevthevnumbervofvspoilagevmicroorgan
ismsvinvfoodvandvbeverages.
1897veduardvbuchnerv-
vvcorrectvanswersvdemonstratedvprocessvofvenzymesvandvbeganvthevfieldvofvbiochemistryvandvstud
yvofvmetabolism
enzymesv-
vvcorrectvanswersvcellvproducedvproteinsvthatvpromotevchemicalvreactionsvsuchvasvfermentation.
metabolismv-vvcorrectvanswersvsumvofvallvchemicalvreactionsvinvavorganism.
,germvtheoryvofvdiseasev-
vvcorrectvanswersvpastuersvdiscoveryvthatvbacteriavarevresponsiblevforvspoilingvwinevledvtovhypoth
esisvthatvmicroorganismsvarevresponsiblevforvcausingvdiseases.vtodayvwevknowvdiseasesvarevcause
dvbyvothervthingsvlikevgeneticsvtoxinsvandvallergies,vsovgermvtheoryvreallyvonlyvappliesvtovinfectious
vdisease.
pathogensv-vvcorrectvanswersvmicroorganismsvthatvcausevspecificvdiseases
etiologyv-vvcorrectvanswersvstudyvofvcausationvofvdisease.vdominatedvbyvRobertvKoch
RobertvKochv-
vvcorrectvanswersvsearchvforvdiseasevagentsvsuchvasvbacteriavresponsiblevforvanthrax,vdevelopedvte
chniquesvtovisolatevbacteria,vstainvcells,vestimatevpopulationvsize,vsterilizevgrowthvmedia,vtransferv
bacteriavbetweenvmedia,vachievedvfirstvphotomicrographvofvbacteria.vHisvgreatestvachievementvw
asvKochsvPostulates.
Koch'svpostulatesv-
vvcorrectvanswersvinvhisvpublicationsvonvTB,vhevelaboratedvonvavsetvofvstepsvthatvmustvbevtakenvtovp
rovevthevcausevofvanyvinfectiousvdisease:
1-
Thevsuspectedvcausativevagentvmustvbevfoundvinveveryvcasevofvthevdiseasevandvbevabsentvformvhe
althyvhosts.
2-Thevagentvmustvbevisolatedvandvgrownvoutsidevthevhost.
3-Whenvthevagentvisvintroducedvtovavhealthyvsusceptiblevhost,thevhostvmustvgetvthevdisease.
4-Thevsamevagentvmustvbevfoundvintvhevdiseasedvexperimentalvhost.
ChristianvGramv-
vvcorrectvanswersvinv1884vGramvdevelopedvstainingvtechniquevusingvavseriesvofvdyesvthatvleavevso
mevmicrobesvpurplevandvsomevpink.vStillvisvmostvwidelyvusedvstainingvtechniquevtoday.vDistinguish
,esvgramvpositivevfromvgramvnegativevbacteriavandvreflectsvdifferencesvinvcompositionvofvbacterialv
cellvwall.
Semmelweisv-
vvcorrectvanswersvhypothesizedvthatvcadavervparticlesvonvmedvstudentsvhandsvarevwhatvcausedvpu
erpuralvfevervandvdeathsvofvwomenvgivingvbirth.vHadvthemvwashvtheirvhandsvinvchlorinatedvlimevw
atervbeforevattendingvbirthsvandvthevnumbervofvdeathsvfromvpuerpuralvfevervdroppedvthevnextvye
ar.
infectionvcontrolvandvepidemiologyv-
vvcorrectvanswersv2vbranchesvofvmicrobiology,vepidemiology=studyvofvthevoccurrence,vdistribution
,vandvspreadvofvdiseasevinvhumans.
immunologyv-
vvcorrectvanswersvstuydvofvthevbodysvspecificvdefensesvagainstvpathogens.vbeganvwithvexperiments
vofvedwardvJenner
EdwardvJennerv-
vvcorrectvanswersvshowedvthatvvaccinationvwithvpusvcollectedvfromvcowpoxvlesionsvpreventedvsma
llpox.vPastuervlatervbuiltvonvJennersvworkvtovdevelopvvaccinesvagainstvfowlvcholera,vanthrax,vandvr
abies.
Chemotherapy,vPaulverlichv-
vvcorrectvanswersvBranchvofvmedicalvmicrobiologyvinvwhichvchemicalsvarevstudiedvforvtheirvpotenti
alvtovdestroyvpathogenicvmicroorganisms.vBeganvwithvPaulverlichvwhovsearchedvforvav"magicvbullet
"vthatvwouldvkillvmicrooganismsvbutvwouldvbevnontoxicvtovhumans.vHevdiscoveredvchemicalsveffec
tivevagainstvthevagentsvthatvcausevsleepingvsicknessvandvsyphilis.
Biochemistryv-
vvcorrectvanswersvstudyvofvmetabolism.vKluyvervandvNielvproposedvbiochemicalvreactionsvarevshar
edvbyvallvlivingvthings,varevfewvinvnumber,vandvinvolvevthevbasicvtransfervofvelectronsvandvhydrogen
vions.
, Microbialvgeneticsv-
vvcorrectvanswersvmicrobialvgenetics=studyvofvinheritancevinvmicroorganisms.vAvgenesvactivityvisvre
latedvtovthevfunctionvofvthevspecificvproteinvcodedvbyvthatvgene.vWevnowvknowvthevexactvwayvinvw
hichvgeneticvinfovisvtranslatedvintovavprotein.
Molecularvbiologyv-
vvcorrectvanswersvcombinesvaspectsvofvbiochemistry,vcellvbiology,vandvgeneticsvtovexplainvcellvfunct
ionvatvavmolecularvlevel.vParticularlyvconcernedvwithvgenomevsequencing.
Geneticvengineeringv-
vvcorrectvanswersvthevmanipulationvofvgenesvinvmicrobes,vplantsvandvanimalsvforvpracticalvapplicati
onsvsuchvasvdevelopmentvofvpestvresistantvcropsvandvthevtreatmentvofvdisease.
Genevtherapyv-
vvcorrectvanswersvusevofvrecombinantvDNAv(DNAvcomposedvofvgenesvfromvmorevthanvonevorganis
m)vtovinsertvavmissingvgenevorvrepairvavdefectivevgenevinvhumanvcells.
environmentalvmicrobiologyv-
vvcorrectvanswersvstudiesvthevrolevmicroorganimsvplayvinvtheirvnaturalvenvironment.vMicrobialvco
mmunitiesvplayvanvessentialvrolevinvdecayvofvdeadvorganismsvandvrecyclingvofvchemicalsvsuchvasvca
rbonvnitrogenvandvsulfur.vEnvironmentalvmicrobiologistsvalsovlimitvthevabundancevofvpathogenicv
microbesvintvehvenvironment,vsuchvasvwatervpurificationvandvsanitation.
serologyv-
vvcorrectvanswersvthevstudyvofvbloodvserum,vthevliquidvthatvremainsvaftervbloodvcoagulatesvandvcar
riesvdiseasevfightingvchemicals.vFoundvthatvbodyvcanvdefendvitselfvagainstvavremarkablevrangevofvdi
seases,vbutvmedicalvinterventionvisvoftenvnecessary.
penicillinv-vvcorrectvanswersvantimicrobialvdiscoveredvinv1929
answers 2025>2026
birthvofvbiotechnologyvorvindustrialvmicrobiologyv-
vvcorrectvanswersvmidv19thvcentury,vpasteursvinvestigationsvintovthevcausevofvfermentationvledvtovd
iscoveryvthatvyeastvcanvgrowvwithvorvwithoutvoxygen,vandvthatvbacteriavfermentvgrapevjuicevtovpro
ducevacids,vwhereasvyeastvcellsvfermentvgrapevjuicevtovproducevalcohol.
biotechnologyv-
vvcorrectvanswersvmicrobesvarevintentionallyvmanipulatedvtovmanufacturevproducts.
pasteurizationv-
vvcorrectvanswersvthevusevofvheatvtovkillvpathogensvandvreducevthevnumbervofvspoilagevmicroorgan
ismsvinvfoodvandvbeverages.
1897veduardvbuchnerv-
vvcorrectvanswersvdemonstratedvprocessvofvenzymesvandvbeganvthevfieldvofvbiochemistryvandvstud
yvofvmetabolism
enzymesv-
vvcorrectvanswersvcellvproducedvproteinsvthatvpromotevchemicalvreactionsvsuchvasvfermentation.
metabolismv-vvcorrectvanswersvsumvofvallvchemicalvreactionsvinvavorganism.
,germvtheoryvofvdiseasev-
vvcorrectvanswersvpastuersvdiscoveryvthatvbacteriavarevresponsiblevforvspoilingvwinevledvtovhypoth
esisvthatvmicroorganismsvarevresponsiblevforvcausingvdiseases.vtodayvwevknowvdiseasesvarevcause
dvbyvothervthingsvlikevgeneticsvtoxinsvandvallergies,vsovgermvtheoryvreallyvonlyvappliesvtovinfectious
vdisease.
pathogensv-vvcorrectvanswersvmicroorganismsvthatvcausevspecificvdiseases
etiologyv-vvcorrectvanswersvstudyvofvcausationvofvdisease.vdominatedvbyvRobertvKoch
RobertvKochv-
vvcorrectvanswersvsearchvforvdiseasevagentsvsuchvasvbacteriavresponsiblevforvanthrax,vdevelopedvte
chniquesvtovisolatevbacteria,vstainvcells,vestimatevpopulationvsize,vsterilizevgrowthvmedia,vtransferv
bacteriavbetweenvmedia,vachievedvfirstvphotomicrographvofvbacteria.vHisvgreatestvachievementvw
asvKochsvPostulates.
Koch'svpostulatesv-
vvcorrectvanswersvinvhisvpublicationsvonvTB,vhevelaboratedvonvavsetvofvstepsvthatvmustvbevtakenvtovp
rovevthevcausevofvanyvinfectiousvdisease:
1-
Thevsuspectedvcausativevagentvmustvbevfoundvinveveryvcasevofvthevdiseasevandvbevabsentvformvhe
althyvhosts.
2-Thevagentvmustvbevisolatedvandvgrownvoutsidevthevhost.
3-Whenvthevagentvisvintroducedvtovavhealthyvsusceptiblevhost,thevhostvmustvgetvthevdisease.
4-Thevsamevagentvmustvbevfoundvintvhevdiseasedvexperimentalvhost.
ChristianvGramv-
vvcorrectvanswersvinv1884vGramvdevelopedvstainingvtechniquevusingvavseriesvofvdyesvthatvleavevso
mevmicrobesvpurplevandvsomevpink.vStillvisvmostvwidelyvusedvstainingvtechniquevtoday.vDistinguish
,esvgramvpositivevfromvgramvnegativevbacteriavandvreflectsvdifferencesvinvcompositionvofvbacterialv
cellvwall.
Semmelweisv-
vvcorrectvanswersvhypothesizedvthatvcadavervparticlesvonvmedvstudentsvhandsvarevwhatvcausedvpu
erpuralvfevervandvdeathsvofvwomenvgivingvbirth.vHadvthemvwashvtheirvhandsvinvchlorinatedvlimevw
atervbeforevattendingvbirthsvandvthevnumbervofvdeathsvfromvpuerpuralvfevervdroppedvthevnextvye
ar.
infectionvcontrolvandvepidemiologyv-
vvcorrectvanswersv2vbranchesvofvmicrobiology,vepidemiology=studyvofvthevoccurrence,vdistribution
,vandvspreadvofvdiseasevinvhumans.
immunologyv-
vvcorrectvanswersvstuydvofvthevbodysvspecificvdefensesvagainstvpathogens.vbeganvwithvexperiments
vofvedwardvJenner
EdwardvJennerv-
vvcorrectvanswersvshowedvthatvvaccinationvwithvpusvcollectedvfromvcowpoxvlesionsvpreventedvsma
llpox.vPastuervlatervbuiltvonvJennersvworkvtovdevelopvvaccinesvagainstvfowlvcholera,vanthrax,vandvr
abies.
Chemotherapy,vPaulverlichv-
vvcorrectvanswersvBranchvofvmedicalvmicrobiologyvinvwhichvchemicalsvarevstudiedvforvtheirvpotenti
alvtovdestroyvpathogenicvmicroorganisms.vBeganvwithvPaulverlichvwhovsearchedvforvav"magicvbullet
"vthatvwouldvkillvmicrooganismsvbutvwouldvbevnontoxicvtovhumans.vHevdiscoveredvchemicalsveffec
tivevagainstvthevagentsvthatvcausevsleepingvsicknessvandvsyphilis.
Biochemistryv-
vvcorrectvanswersvstudyvofvmetabolism.vKluyvervandvNielvproposedvbiochemicalvreactionsvarevshar
edvbyvallvlivingvthings,varevfewvinvnumber,vandvinvolvevthevbasicvtransfervofvelectronsvandvhydrogen
vions.
, Microbialvgeneticsv-
vvcorrectvanswersvmicrobialvgenetics=studyvofvinheritancevinvmicroorganisms.vAvgenesvactivityvisvre
latedvtovthevfunctionvofvthevspecificvproteinvcodedvbyvthatvgene.vWevnowvknowvthevexactvwayvinvw
hichvgeneticvinfovisvtranslatedvintovavprotein.
Molecularvbiologyv-
vvcorrectvanswersvcombinesvaspectsvofvbiochemistry,vcellvbiology,vandvgeneticsvtovexplainvcellvfunct
ionvatvavmolecularvlevel.vParticularlyvconcernedvwithvgenomevsequencing.
Geneticvengineeringv-
vvcorrectvanswersvthevmanipulationvofvgenesvinvmicrobes,vplantsvandvanimalsvforvpracticalvapplicati
onsvsuchvasvdevelopmentvofvpestvresistantvcropsvandvthevtreatmentvofvdisease.
Genevtherapyv-
vvcorrectvanswersvusevofvrecombinantvDNAv(DNAvcomposedvofvgenesvfromvmorevthanvonevorganis
m)vtovinsertvavmissingvgenevorvrepairvavdefectivevgenevinvhumanvcells.
environmentalvmicrobiologyv-
vvcorrectvanswersvstudiesvthevrolevmicroorganimsvplayvinvtheirvnaturalvenvironment.vMicrobialvco
mmunitiesvplayvanvessentialvrolevinvdecayvofvdeadvorganismsvandvrecyclingvofvchemicalsvsuchvasvca
rbonvnitrogenvandvsulfur.vEnvironmentalvmicrobiologistsvalsovlimitvthevabundancevofvpathogenicv
microbesvintvehvenvironment,vsuchvasvwatervpurificationvandvsanitation.
serologyv-
vvcorrectvanswersvthevstudyvofvbloodvserum,vthevliquidvthatvremainsvaftervbloodvcoagulatesvandvcar
riesvdiseasevfightingvchemicals.vFoundvthatvbodyvcanvdefendvitselfvagainstvavremarkablevrangevofvdi
seases,vbutvmedicalvinterventionvisvoftenvnecessary.
penicillinv-vvcorrectvanswersvantimicrobialvdiscoveredvinv1929
