CORRECT WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
UPDATE!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED
the study of how the heredity material (DNA and RNA) is transferred. -
ANSWER genetics
all genetic material in a cell - ANSWER genome
what is the sub division of genome - ANSWER - chromosome
- plasmid
what is the sub division of chromosomes - ANSWER genes (coding region)
non-coding region
what composes the DNA back bone - ANSWER sugar
phosphate
which are the 4 nucleotides in DNA - ANSWER Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil (only in RNA)
1
,what is the difference between bacterial and Eukaryota chromosomes - ANSWER Most
bacteria have only one circular chromosome, whereas eukaryotes tend to have multiple
linear chromosomes
Why is DNA semi-conservative? - ANSWER When DNA divides, each copy receives one
half of the original DNA and one half new DNA.
enzyme(s) that uncoiled the DNA - ANSWER topoisomerase and gyrase, and begins at
a region called the origin of replication
enzyme that unwinds and begins separating the DNA strands in both directions -
ANSWER helicase
enzyme that stabilize the single stranded DNA - ANSWER single strand binding
proteins
what is required for the addition of nucleotides in DNA replication? - ANSWER a free 3'
hydroxyl group
enzyme that adds an RNA primer to the strand being replicated - ANSWER primase
enzyme that makes sure the proper nucleotide is bound, and connects it to the growing DNA
strand - ANSWER DNA polymerase
DNA lagging strand - ANSWER - DNA is synthesized in pieces
- multiple RNA primers are added
- assembled together by the enzymes DNA -polymerase and ligase
3 main process of DNA replication - ANSWER - initiation
2
,- elongation
- termination
Central Dogma - ANSWER DNA -> RNA -> Protein
The process by which DNA is used to encode proteins
what some of the characteristics of transcription/RNA - ANSWER - Only specific
regions are copies
- RNA strands are produced, which do not bind with the DNA (exist as single strands)
- No proofreading
what are the 5 steps in transcription - ANSWER Step 1: RNA polymerase binds to the
promoter (a regulatory region directly upstream of the gene) and initiates DNA unraveling
Step 2 : RNA polymerase facilitates the assembly of free ribonucleotides into chains of RNA,
using the DNA as a template
Step 3: The RNA polymerase continues along the gene adding to the RNA chain, which does
not permanently pair with the DNA, but exists as a single strand
Step 4: RNA synthesis continues until the RNA polymerase encounters a specific region of
DNA known as a terminator
Step 5: Once the terminator is reached, the RNA polymerase stalls and a rho termination
protein facilitates the RNA polymerase and RNA strand to disassociate from the DNA
The DNA is re-wound and the RNA is free to go on to the next step
name for groups of 3 base pairs of the mRNA - ANSWER codons
3
, how many codons are non-coding or stop codons? - ANSWER 3 are non-coding or stop
codons
only 61 of the 64 encode amino acids
which molecule can bind both RNA and amino acids - ANSWER T-RNA
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon -
ANSWER Anticodon
t-RNA is considered to be "charged" - ANSWER when an amino acid is bound to t-RNA
how many different t-RNA there are - ANSWER 64, one for each codon
the structures where protein synthesis (translation) occurs - ANSWER Ribosomes
which are the 2 microbial ribosome subunits - ANSWER the 30S and 50S, which come
together to form a functional 70S ribosome
what does the "S" in ribosomal subunits stands for - ANSWER Svedberg units, which
measures the rate of sedimentation during centrifugation
what are the 3 functional domains of the large microbial ribosome subunit -
ANSWER Aminoacyl site (A)
site of entry for tRNA's
Peptidyl (P) site
Site of peptide bond formation
4
UPDATE!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED
the study of how the heredity material (DNA and RNA) is transferred. -
ANSWER genetics
all genetic material in a cell - ANSWER genome
what is the sub division of genome - ANSWER - chromosome
- plasmid
what is the sub division of chromosomes - ANSWER genes (coding region)
non-coding region
what composes the DNA back bone - ANSWER sugar
phosphate
which are the 4 nucleotides in DNA - ANSWER Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil (only in RNA)
1
,what is the difference between bacterial and Eukaryota chromosomes - ANSWER Most
bacteria have only one circular chromosome, whereas eukaryotes tend to have multiple
linear chromosomes
Why is DNA semi-conservative? - ANSWER When DNA divides, each copy receives one
half of the original DNA and one half new DNA.
enzyme(s) that uncoiled the DNA - ANSWER topoisomerase and gyrase, and begins at
a region called the origin of replication
enzyme that unwinds and begins separating the DNA strands in both directions -
ANSWER helicase
enzyme that stabilize the single stranded DNA - ANSWER single strand binding
proteins
what is required for the addition of nucleotides in DNA replication? - ANSWER a free 3'
hydroxyl group
enzyme that adds an RNA primer to the strand being replicated - ANSWER primase
enzyme that makes sure the proper nucleotide is bound, and connects it to the growing DNA
strand - ANSWER DNA polymerase
DNA lagging strand - ANSWER - DNA is synthesized in pieces
- multiple RNA primers are added
- assembled together by the enzymes DNA -polymerase and ligase
3 main process of DNA replication - ANSWER - initiation
2
,- elongation
- termination
Central Dogma - ANSWER DNA -> RNA -> Protein
The process by which DNA is used to encode proteins
what some of the characteristics of transcription/RNA - ANSWER - Only specific
regions are copies
- RNA strands are produced, which do not bind with the DNA (exist as single strands)
- No proofreading
what are the 5 steps in transcription - ANSWER Step 1: RNA polymerase binds to the
promoter (a regulatory region directly upstream of the gene) and initiates DNA unraveling
Step 2 : RNA polymerase facilitates the assembly of free ribonucleotides into chains of RNA,
using the DNA as a template
Step 3: The RNA polymerase continues along the gene adding to the RNA chain, which does
not permanently pair with the DNA, but exists as a single strand
Step 4: RNA synthesis continues until the RNA polymerase encounters a specific region of
DNA known as a terminator
Step 5: Once the terminator is reached, the RNA polymerase stalls and a rho termination
protein facilitates the RNA polymerase and RNA strand to disassociate from the DNA
The DNA is re-wound and the RNA is free to go on to the next step
name for groups of 3 base pairs of the mRNA - ANSWER codons
3
, how many codons are non-coding or stop codons? - ANSWER 3 are non-coding or stop
codons
only 61 of the 64 encode amino acids
which molecule can bind both RNA and amino acids - ANSWER T-RNA
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon -
ANSWER Anticodon
t-RNA is considered to be "charged" - ANSWER when an amino acid is bound to t-RNA
how many different t-RNA there are - ANSWER 64, one for each codon
the structures where protein synthesis (translation) occurs - ANSWER Ribosomes
which are the 2 microbial ribosome subunits - ANSWER the 30S and 50S, which come
together to form a functional 70S ribosome
what does the "S" in ribosomal subunits stands for - ANSWER Svedberg units, which
measures the rate of sedimentation during centrifugation
what are the 3 functional domains of the large microbial ribosome subunit -
ANSWER Aminoacyl site (A)
site of entry for tRNA's
Peptidyl (P) site
Site of peptide bond formation
4
