BIOD 210 Genetics Final Exam 2025 UPDATE Verified
Questions And Answers | Guaranteed Success
A nucleotide is made up of what 3 components? -
✔✔phosphate group, pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and
ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base
Describe the differences between the template strand and the
non-coding strand in transcription for prokaryotes (including
the 5' and 3' orientation of both) - ✔✔The non-coding
template strand is in a 5'-3' direction and is ignored during
transcription
The template strand is in the 3'-5' direction and is used to
synthesize the transcript
Describe the Meselson-Stahl experiment - ✔✔1. Bacteria were
grown in a medium containing heavy isotope 15N for many
generations.
2. Some bacteria were moved to a medium containing light
isotope 14N. Samples were extracted after 1 & 2 cycles of
DNA replication.
3. Centrifugation formed a pellet. Heavier DNA (bases made
from 15N) settled closer to bottom of tube.
,Describe the structure and function of rRNA - ✔✔Ribosomal
RNA- forms the two subunits in a ribosome along with
proteins.
The ribosome moves along the mRNA strand during proteins
synthesis.
rRNA in the ribosome helps to catalyse the formation of
peptide bonds between the amino acids.
Describe the structure and function of tRNA - ✔✔1. Transfer
RNA- a single polynucleotide strand that's folded into a clover
shape.
2. H bonds between specific base pairs hold the molecule in
this shape.
3. Every tRNA molecule has a specific sequence of 3 bases at
one end called an anticodon.
4. They also have an amino acid binding site at the other end.
5. It is found in the cytoplasm and carries amino acids that are
used to make proteins (translation) to the ribosome.
,Explain what Griffith's Transformation experiment is and the
results of the experiment. - ✔✔Griffith experimented with
virulent and antivirulent strains of pneumonia. He observed
that when heat-killed virulent strains were placed in close
proximity to live anti-virulent strains, the antivirulent strains
would become virulent. This led him to propose the existence
of some material being able to be passed between organism
that would genetically alter the organism.
Explain what the Avery and McLeod experiment was and how
it expanded on what Griffith discovered with the transforming
principle. - ✔✔This experiment began by running preliminary
tests on the physical properties of the transforming principle,
ruling out Lipids and Carbohydrates. Then, they added
enzymes to destroy either Proteins, RNA, or DNA to see if,
when injected with the transformed strain used in Griffith's
experiment, if the mouse would still die. They concluded that
DNA was the transforming principle observed by Griffith
Explain what the Hershey-Chase experiment was and how it
cemented DNA as the hereditary material responsible for the
transforming principle - ✔✔Hershey and Chase used
bacteriophages injected with radioactive sulfur (to test
proteins) or radioactive phosphorus (to test nucleotides) to
see, after infection, whether the infected cells would be
, radioactive. They used a centrifuge to isolate the protein
shells from the nucleic acids. The pellet at the bottom for the
test ran with radioactive sulfure showed the supernatant the
pellet was in to be more radioactive and the test with the
phosphorus showed the pellet to be more radioactive. This
suggested that DNA was the transforming principle
How are amino acids linked in chains to form a protein? -
✔✔Peptide bond caused by peptidyl transferase
How are dominant vs. recessive traits defined in terms of the
F1 generation? - ✔✔In the F1 progeny, whichever phenotype
is observed is the dominant phenotype
How can variations in RNA processing result in proteins that
are encoded by the same gene, but that differ structurally and
functionally? - ✔✔Alternative splicing yields different mature
mRNA and, thus, different proteins
How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines? -
✔✔purines are double-ringed while pyrimidines are single-
ringed
Questions And Answers | Guaranteed Success
A nucleotide is made up of what 3 components? -
✔✔phosphate group, pentose sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and
ribose in RNA), and a nitrogenous base
Describe the differences between the template strand and the
non-coding strand in transcription for prokaryotes (including
the 5' and 3' orientation of both) - ✔✔The non-coding
template strand is in a 5'-3' direction and is ignored during
transcription
The template strand is in the 3'-5' direction and is used to
synthesize the transcript
Describe the Meselson-Stahl experiment - ✔✔1. Bacteria were
grown in a medium containing heavy isotope 15N for many
generations.
2. Some bacteria were moved to a medium containing light
isotope 14N. Samples were extracted after 1 & 2 cycles of
DNA replication.
3. Centrifugation formed a pellet. Heavier DNA (bases made
from 15N) settled closer to bottom of tube.
,Describe the structure and function of rRNA - ✔✔Ribosomal
RNA- forms the two subunits in a ribosome along with
proteins.
The ribosome moves along the mRNA strand during proteins
synthesis.
rRNA in the ribosome helps to catalyse the formation of
peptide bonds between the amino acids.
Describe the structure and function of tRNA - ✔✔1. Transfer
RNA- a single polynucleotide strand that's folded into a clover
shape.
2. H bonds between specific base pairs hold the molecule in
this shape.
3. Every tRNA molecule has a specific sequence of 3 bases at
one end called an anticodon.
4. They also have an amino acid binding site at the other end.
5. It is found in the cytoplasm and carries amino acids that are
used to make proteins (translation) to the ribosome.
,Explain what Griffith's Transformation experiment is and the
results of the experiment. - ✔✔Griffith experimented with
virulent and antivirulent strains of pneumonia. He observed
that when heat-killed virulent strains were placed in close
proximity to live anti-virulent strains, the antivirulent strains
would become virulent. This led him to propose the existence
of some material being able to be passed between organism
that would genetically alter the organism.
Explain what the Avery and McLeod experiment was and how
it expanded on what Griffith discovered with the transforming
principle. - ✔✔This experiment began by running preliminary
tests on the physical properties of the transforming principle,
ruling out Lipids and Carbohydrates. Then, they added
enzymes to destroy either Proteins, RNA, or DNA to see if,
when injected with the transformed strain used in Griffith's
experiment, if the mouse would still die. They concluded that
DNA was the transforming principle observed by Griffith
Explain what the Hershey-Chase experiment was and how it
cemented DNA as the hereditary material responsible for the
transforming principle - ✔✔Hershey and Chase used
bacteriophages injected with radioactive sulfur (to test
proteins) or radioactive phosphorus (to test nucleotides) to
see, after infection, whether the infected cells would be
, radioactive. They used a centrifuge to isolate the protein
shells from the nucleic acids. The pellet at the bottom for the
test ran with radioactive sulfure showed the supernatant the
pellet was in to be more radioactive and the test with the
phosphorus showed the pellet to be more radioactive. This
suggested that DNA was the transforming principle
How are amino acids linked in chains to form a protein? -
✔✔Peptide bond caused by peptidyl transferase
How are dominant vs. recessive traits defined in terms of the
F1 generation? - ✔✔In the F1 progeny, whichever phenotype
is observed is the dominant phenotype
How can variations in RNA processing result in proteins that
are encoded by the same gene, but that differ structurally and
functionally? - ✔✔Alternative splicing yields different mature
mRNA and, thus, different proteins
How can you differentiate between purines and pyrimidines? -
✔✔purines are double-ringed while pyrimidines are single-
ringed
