100% CORRECT WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
UPDATE!!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED PASS|GRADED
A+
Disproved Spontaneous Generation - ANSWER living organism could arise directly and
rapidly from nonliving material. No experimentation. Everything on planet had vital force
Francesco Redi (1668) - ANSWER Fresh air required for life; Flask & Meat study
Lazzaro Spallanzini (1776) - ANSWER Boiled beef broth experiment. Critics claimed
heat destroyed vital forces, life requires fresh air.
Louis Pasteur (1862) - ANSWER Disproved spontaneous generation. S curve flask,
shown that microorganisms must hit to contaminate not the fresh air. ALL CELLS COME
FROM A PREEXISTING CELL
Ferdinand Cohn (1876) - ANSWER discovered bacterial spores, survival structure,
resistant to heat & disinfectants, bacillus can be vegetative or endospore state
John Tyndall (1876) - ANSWER Tydallization, boiling for 15 min (3 Con Days), to
eliminate contamination, cell theory (cells are fundamental part of life)
Germ Theory of Diseases - ANSWER 19th Century (bad luck, bad blood, witchcraft,
etc.)
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1674) - ANSWER discovered microorganisms, ammalcules
from film on teeth, made his own microscope. Biologist found germs everywhere. No
experimentation, just speculation
1
, Ignaz Semmelweis - ANSWER Physician in Vienna, babies born by dr (high mortality
rate), babies by midwife (low mortality rate). germs from autopsy cadaver infected pregnant
women thus came along antiseptic solution
John Snow (1854) - ANSWER London Cholera epidemic (diarrhea diseases), water
pump was source of contagion, Vibrio cholera (sewage dumped in Thames river)
Florence Nightingale (1857) - ANSWER Crimean war, sanitarian movement
joseph Lister (1865) - ANSWER Apply Carbolic acid to Surgical instruments, bandages
& wounds (phenol); antiseptics, decreased post op infections
Koch's Postulates (1884) - ANSWER Determine ethiology
1. find evidence of a particular microbe
2. isolate that microbe from infected and grow a pure culture
3. inoculate a suspectible healthy subject with lab isolate and observe rest;tamt disease
4. resolute infectious affect from test subject
Van Leeuwenhoek - ANSWER Confused on how to classify microorganisms
Linnaeus (1707 - 1778) - ANSWER Taxonomy, Kingdom system (plantar, animalia, fungi,
protista, monera)
Monera - ANSWER Single cells without nuclei; blue green algae
Prokaryote - ANSWER "before the nut"; assumed related to plants due to cell wall
2nd prokaryote - ANSWER methanogen (anaerobes produce methane CH4); ribosomal
RNA; Archaea
2
UPDATE!!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED PASS|GRADED
A+
Disproved Spontaneous Generation - ANSWER living organism could arise directly and
rapidly from nonliving material. No experimentation. Everything on planet had vital force
Francesco Redi (1668) - ANSWER Fresh air required for life; Flask & Meat study
Lazzaro Spallanzini (1776) - ANSWER Boiled beef broth experiment. Critics claimed
heat destroyed vital forces, life requires fresh air.
Louis Pasteur (1862) - ANSWER Disproved spontaneous generation. S curve flask,
shown that microorganisms must hit to contaminate not the fresh air. ALL CELLS COME
FROM A PREEXISTING CELL
Ferdinand Cohn (1876) - ANSWER discovered bacterial spores, survival structure,
resistant to heat & disinfectants, bacillus can be vegetative or endospore state
John Tyndall (1876) - ANSWER Tydallization, boiling for 15 min (3 Con Days), to
eliminate contamination, cell theory (cells are fundamental part of life)
Germ Theory of Diseases - ANSWER 19th Century (bad luck, bad blood, witchcraft,
etc.)
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1674) - ANSWER discovered microorganisms, ammalcules
from film on teeth, made his own microscope. Biologist found germs everywhere. No
experimentation, just speculation
1
, Ignaz Semmelweis - ANSWER Physician in Vienna, babies born by dr (high mortality
rate), babies by midwife (low mortality rate). germs from autopsy cadaver infected pregnant
women thus came along antiseptic solution
John Snow (1854) - ANSWER London Cholera epidemic (diarrhea diseases), water
pump was source of contagion, Vibrio cholera (sewage dumped in Thames river)
Florence Nightingale (1857) - ANSWER Crimean war, sanitarian movement
joseph Lister (1865) - ANSWER Apply Carbolic acid to Surgical instruments, bandages
& wounds (phenol); antiseptics, decreased post op infections
Koch's Postulates (1884) - ANSWER Determine ethiology
1. find evidence of a particular microbe
2. isolate that microbe from infected and grow a pure culture
3. inoculate a suspectible healthy subject with lab isolate and observe rest;tamt disease
4. resolute infectious affect from test subject
Van Leeuwenhoek - ANSWER Confused on how to classify microorganisms
Linnaeus (1707 - 1778) - ANSWER Taxonomy, Kingdom system (plantar, animalia, fungi,
protista, monera)
Monera - ANSWER Single cells without nuclei; blue green algae
Prokaryote - ANSWER "before the nut"; assumed related to plants due to cell wall
2nd prokaryote - ANSWER methanogen (anaerobes produce methane CH4); ribosomal
RNA; Archaea
2
