BIO 302- Cancer The Mother Of All Diseases Exam 2
Questions And Correct Answers
What is all cancer caused by? - ANSWER An alteration or mutation in cellular DNA
Agents that cause cancer all called - ANSWER carcinogens
agents that alter DNA are designated as - ANSWER mutagens
not all carcinogens are mutagens but - ANSWER all mutagens are carcinogens
mutagens mutate what type of genes ? - ANSWER driver genes
Causation is related to two things - ANSWER 1. environmental factors
2. genetic factors
initiating mutation - ANSWER is either non-inherited or inherited
genetic susceptibilitiy - ANSWER an inherited factor
ex. how efficiently your DNA repair enzymes work
,cancer initiation mutations are - ANSWER most commonly acquired and NOT inherited
T/F: Initiating causes are still unknown for many cancers - ANSWER TRUE
somatic mutations - ANSWER occur in nongermline tissues and cannot be inherited
germline mutations - ANSWER present in egg or sperm and can be inherited
T/F: Most hereditary cancers are caused by inherited tumor suppressor gene mutations
controlling cell growth or DNA repair - ANSWER TRUE
hereditary cancer - ANSWER when one damaged gene is inherited
T/F: cancer is primarily an environmental disease - ANSWER TRUE
90-95% are due to environment
Most common environmental factors are - ANSWER tobacco, diet/obesity, and infection
Causal inference - ANSWER cause and effect connection is deterined by reasoning and factual
evidence (used because human experimentation is unethical)
, empirical science - ANSWER direct evidence produced by experiment- cell cultures
Guidelines for Causal inference - ANSWER dose-response relation: increase
exposure=increase risk
temporal relation: exposure of factor occur before disease
specificity of association: cause a specific disease
strength of association: "relative risk" ratio of risk in exposed vs risk in unexposed
reduction in risk with removal of exposure: if the agent is removed is risk reduced
consistency of association
biological plausibility
What are the highest and lowest groups of carcinogens - ANSWER Group 1 is the highest and
group 4 is the lowest
the likelihood of getting cancer may be dependent on - ANSWER susceptibility of the
individual, the mode of exposure, and duration/degree of exposure
T/F: no carcinogen causes cancer predictably, all the time, in any individual, under any
circumstances - ANSWER TRUE
Risk Factor - ANSWER a characteristic, condition, or behavior that increases the probability of
cancer
Questions And Correct Answers
What is all cancer caused by? - ANSWER An alteration or mutation in cellular DNA
Agents that cause cancer all called - ANSWER carcinogens
agents that alter DNA are designated as - ANSWER mutagens
not all carcinogens are mutagens but - ANSWER all mutagens are carcinogens
mutagens mutate what type of genes ? - ANSWER driver genes
Causation is related to two things - ANSWER 1. environmental factors
2. genetic factors
initiating mutation - ANSWER is either non-inherited or inherited
genetic susceptibilitiy - ANSWER an inherited factor
ex. how efficiently your DNA repair enzymes work
,cancer initiation mutations are - ANSWER most commonly acquired and NOT inherited
T/F: Initiating causes are still unknown for many cancers - ANSWER TRUE
somatic mutations - ANSWER occur in nongermline tissues and cannot be inherited
germline mutations - ANSWER present in egg or sperm and can be inherited
T/F: Most hereditary cancers are caused by inherited tumor suppressor gene mutations
controlling cell growth or DNA repair - ANSWER TRUE
hereditary cancer - ANSWER when one damaged gene is inherited
T/F: cancer is primarily an environmental disease - ANSWER TRUE
90-95% are due to environment
Most common environmental factors are - ANSWER tobacco, diet/obesity, and infection
Causal inference - ANSWER cause and effect connection is deterined by reasoning and factual
evidence (used because human experimentation is unethical)
, empirical science - ANSWER direct evidence produced by experiment- cell cultures
Guidelines for Causal inference - ANSWER dose-response relation: increase
exposure=increase risk
temporal relation: exposure of factor occur before disease
specificity of association: cause a specific disease
strength of association: "relative risk" ratio of risk in exposed vs risk in unexposed
reduction in risk with removal of exposure: if the agent is removed is risk reduced
consistency of association
biological plausibility
What are the highest and lowest groups of carcinogens - ANSWER Group 1 is the highest and
group 4 is the lowest
the likelihood of getting cancer may be dependent on - ANSWER susceptibility of the
individual, the mode of exposure, and duration/degree of exposure
T/F: no carcinogen causes cancer predictably, all the time, in any individual, under any
circumstances - ANSWER TRUE
Risk Factor - ANSWER a characteristic, condition, or behavior that increases the probability of
cancer
