Campbell Biology Chapter 17 Exam
(Questions all with correct answers)
A+ Pass
gene expression - Answer- The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
or, in some cases, just RNAs. Includes 2 stages - transcription and translation
Garrod - Answer- scientist who was the first to say in 1909 that genes determine
phenotype through the production of enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions;
diseases caused by missing enzymes are "inborn errors of metabolism"
Beadle and Tatum - Answer- Exposed bread mold to X-rays, creating mutants. Showed
that each gene encodes a particular substance ("one gene, one enzyme" concept, later
restated "one gene one polypeptide").
transcription - Answer- process by which a DNA template is used to produce a single-
stranded RNA molecule
messenger RNA - Answer- RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the
assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
translation - Answer- Decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
ribosomes - Answer- sites of translation
primary transcript - Answer- the initial RNA transcript from any gene, including those
specifying RNA that is not translated into protein
triplet code - Answer- the normal version of the genetic code in which a sequence of
three nucleotides codes for the synthesis of a specific amino acid
central dogma - Answer- Crick, 1956, theory that states that, in cells, information only
flows from DNA to RNA to proteins
template strand - Answer- the strand of DNA that the RNA polymerase uses as a guide
to build complementary mRNA
codon - Answer- a specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or
RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid (64 were
deciphered by mid 1960s, 61 code for amino acids, 3 are stop signals)
reading frame - Answer- the way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the
mRNA nucleotides into codons
, AUG - Answer- codon that initaties ("start" signal) and also codes amino acid
Methionine
redundant - Answer- more than 1 codon may specify a particular amino acid
ambiguous - Answer- no codon specifies more than one amino acid
reading frame - Answer- the division of a sequence of DNA or RNA into a particular
series of three-nucleotide codons. There are three possible reading frames for any
sequence
RNA polymerase - Answer- enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and
separates the DNA strands during transcription, they can start a chain without a primer.
promoter - Answer- A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase
and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
terminator - Answer- In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end
of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and
detach from the DNA.
transcription unit - Answer- the stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule
3 stages of transcription - Answer- initiation, elongation, termination
initiation - Answer- the first phase of transcription; RNA polymerase binds to DNA @ the
promoter, and unwinds the double helix
elongation - Answer- RNA polymerase slides along DNA in an open complex to
synthesize RNA
termination - Answer- RNA polymerase falls off at the terminator (Bacteria) or falls off
after the new RNA strand is removed
start point - Answer- In transcription, the nucleotide position on the promoter where
RNA polymerase begins synthesis of RNA.
transcription factors - Answer- collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA
polymerase and the initiation of transcription
transcription initiation complex - Answer- the whole complex of transcription factors and
RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter
TATA box - Answer- A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription
initiation complex.
(Questions all with correct answers)
A+ Pass
gene expression - Answer- The process by which DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
or, in some cases, just RNAs. Includes 2 stages - transcription and translation
Garrod - Answer- scientist who was the first to say in 1909 that genes determine
phenotype through the production of enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions;
diseases caused by missing enzymes are "inborn errors of metabolism"
Beadle and Tatum - Answer- Exposed bread mold to X-rays, creating mutants. Showed
that each gene encodes a particular substance ("one gene, one enzyme" concept, later
restated "one gene one polypeptide").
transcription - Answer- process by which a DNA template is used to produce a single-
stranded RNA molecule
messenger RNA - Answer- RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the
assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
translation - Answer- Decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
ribosomes - Answer- sites of translation
primary transcript - Answer- the initial RNA transcript from any gene, including those
specifying RNA that is not translated into protein
triplet code - Answer- the normal version of the genetic code in which a sequence of
three nucleotides codes for the synthesis of a specific amino acid
central dogma - Answer- Crick, 1956, theory that states that, in cells, information only
flows from DNA to RNA to proteins
template strand - Answer- the strand of DNA that the RNA polymerase uses as a guide
to build complementary mRNA
codon - Answer- a specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or
RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid (64 were
deciphered by mid 1960s, 61 code for amino acids, 3 are stop signals)
reading frame - Answer- the way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the
mRNA nucleotides into codons
, AUG - Answer- codon that initaties ("start" signal) and also codes amino acid
Methionine
redundant - Answer- more than 1 codon may specify a particular amino acid
ambiguous - Answer- no codon specifies more than one amino acid
reading frame - Answer- the division of a sequence of DNA or RNA into a particular
series of three-nucleotide codons. There are three possible reading frames for any
sequence
RNA polymerase - Answer- enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and
separates the DNA strands during transcription, they can start a chain without a primer.
promoter - Answer- A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase
and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.
terminator - Answer- In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end
of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and
detach from the DNA.
transcription unit - Answer- the stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule
3 stages of transcription - Answer- initiation, elongation, termination
initiation - Answer- the first phase of transcription; RNA polymerase binds to DNA @ the
promoter, and unwinds the double helix
elongation - Answer- RNA polymerase slides along DNA in an open complex to
synthesize RNA
termination - Answer- RNA polymerase falls off at the terminator (Bacteria) or falls off
after the new RNA strand is removed
start point - Answer- In transcription, the nucleotide position on the promoter where
RNA polymerase begins synthesis of RNA.
transcription factors - Answer- collection of proteins that mediate the binding of RNA
polymerase and the initiation of transcription
transcription initiation complex - Answer- the whole complex of transcription factors and
RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter
TATA box - Answer- A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription
initiation complex.
