AP BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE ALL
UNITS
Atoms - Correct Answers -Smallest unit of matter retaining properties of an element
Three subatomic particles - Correct Answers -Protons, neutrons, electrons
Protons - Correct Answers -Have a positive charge, located in the nucleus, about 1
AMU
Atomic number - Correct Answers -Determined by the number of protons
Electrons - Correct Answers -Have a negative charge, orbit nucleus in electron shells,
very small and involved in chemical bonding
In a neutral atom, how many electrons are there? - Correct Answers -Equal to the
number of protons
Neutrons - Correct Answers -No charge, located in the nucleus, about 1 AMU, add
mass and affect isotopes
Isotope - Correct Answers -Same element, different amount of neutrons
Ionic bonds - Correct Answers -Electrons are transferred from one atom to another,
forming charged atoms
Ions - Correct Answers -Charged atoms
Cation - Correct Answers -Lost an electron, now has a positive charge
Anion - Correct Answers -Gained an electron, now has a negative charge
What charges attract in ionic bonding? - Correct Answers -Opposite
Ionic bonding example - Correct Answers -Sodium donates electron to chlorine to form
NaCl (table salt)
Why is ionic bonding important? - Correct Answers -Forms salts which are important for
nerve signaling and osmosis
, Covalent bonding - Correct Answers -Electrons shared between atoms; very strong
bonds and common in bio molecules
Covalent bonds can be _ or _ - Correct Answers -Polar or non-polar
Non-polar covalent bond - Correct Answers -Electrons are shared equally like in O2
Polar covalent bond - Correct Answers -Electrons are shared unequally creating partial
charges like in H20 (oxygen pulls electrons more than hydrogen)
Why are covalent bonds important? - Correct Answers -They hold together carbon-
based macromolecules like DNA and protein
Hydrogen bonds - Correct Answers -Weak attraction between slightly positive charge of
hydrogen on one molecule and slightly negative charge of another molecule; occurs
between polar molecules
Why are hydrogen bonds important? - Correct Answers -They hold water molecules
together, hold DNA strands together and give proteins their unique shapes
Quantitative vs qualitative data - Correct Answers -Quantitive-numerical
Qualitative- collected by senses and should be converted to quantitative for analysis
Inductive vs deductive reasoning - Correct Answers -Inductive- generalizations drawn
form specific conclusions
Deductive- specific inferences from general premises
Null vs alternative hypothesis - Correct Answers -Null- research aims to disprove this
one; claims no correlation between variables
Alternative- explores different relationship between variables
It is important for a hypothesis to be - Correct Answers -Testable
Scientific law vs theory - Correct Answers -Law- what happens under specific conditions
Theory- why it happens
Variables - Correct Answers -Things that are changed
Independent- deliberately changed
Dependent- measured; change depends on change of IV
Constants - Correct Answers -Things that don't change
Controls - Correct Answers -Eliminate error in experiments and increase reliable
Positive control: exposed to treatment and known to produce a certain effect
Negative: no treatment, known to produce no effect
UNITS
Atoms - Correct Answers -Smallest unit of matter retaining properties of an element
Three subatomic particles - Correct Answers -Protons, neutrons, electrons
Protons - Correct Answers -Have a positive charge, located in the nucleus, about 1
AMU
Atomic number - Correct Answers -Determined by the number of protons
Electrons - Correct Answers -Have a negative charge, orbit nucleus in electron shells,
very small and involved in chemical bonding
In a neutral atom, how many electrons are there? - Correct Answers -Equal to the
number of protons
Neutrons - Correct Answers -No charge, located in the nucleus, about 1 AMU, add
mass and affect isotopes
Isotope - Correct Answers -Same element, different amount of neutrons
Ionic bonds - Correct Answers -Electrons are transferred from one atom to another,
forming charged atoms
Ions - Correct Answers -Charged atoms
Cation - Correct Answers -Lost an electron, now has a positive charge
Anion - Correct Answers -Gained an electron, now has a negative charge
What charges attract in ionic bonding? - Correct Answers -Opposite
Ionic bonding example - Correct Answers -Sodium donates electron to chlorine to form
NaCl (table salt)
Why is ionic bonding important? - Correct Answers -Forms salts which are important for
nerve signaling and osmosis
, Covalent bonding - Correct Answers -Electrons shared between atoms; very strong
bonds and common in bio molecules
Covalent bonds can be _ or _ - Correct Answers -Polar or non-polar
Non-polar covalent bond - Correct Answers -Electrons are shared equally like in O2
Polar covalent bond - Correct Answers -Electrons are shared unequally creating partial
charges like in H20 (oxygen pulls electrons more than hydrogen)
Why are covalent bonds important? - Correct Answers -They hold together carbon-
based macromolecules like DNA and protein
Hydrogen bonds - Correct Answers -Weak attraction between slightly positive charge of
hydrogen on one molecule and slightly negative charge of another molecule; occurs
between polar molecules
Why are hydrogen bonds important? - Correct Answers -They hold water molecules
together, hold DNA strands together and give proteins their unique shapes
Quantitative vs qualitative data - Correct Answers -Quantitive-numerical
Qualitative- collected by senses and should be converted to quantitative for analysis
Inductive vs deductive reasoning - Correct Answers -Inductive- generalizations drawn
form specific conclusions
Deductive- specific inferences from general premises
Null vs alternative hypothesis - Correct Answers -Null- research aims to disprove this
one; claims no correlation between variables
Alternative- explores different relationship between variables
It is important for a hypothesis to be - Correct Answers -Testable
Scientific law vs theory - Correct Answers -Law- what happens under specific conditions
Theory- why it happens
Variables - Correct Answers -Things that are changed
Independent- deliberately changed
Dependent- measured; change depends on change of IV
Constants - Correct Answers -Things that don't change
Controls - Correct Answers -Eliminate error in experiments and increase reliable
Positive control: exposed to treatment and known to produce a certain effect
Negative: no treatment, known to produce no effect
