BIO 1500 final exam
1. hierarchy of life: biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell,
organelle, molecule, atom
2. emergent properties: results from interactions among components at the lower levels
hydrogen & 2 oxygen molecules -> water
3. Reductionism: complex systems being broken down to simpler components that are easier to study
DNA=nucleotides
4. Prokaryotic cells lack: organelles
5. Eukaryotic cells contain: DNA containing nucleus
membrane-enclosed organelles
6. Genetic information: encoded in nucleotide sequences of DNA
DNA sequences = genes
7. gene expression: genes transcribed into mRNA translated proteins
also produces RNA
,8. Producers: convert solar energy into chemical energy
9. Consumers: Consume energy made by producers to do work and is lost as heat
10. Feedback regulation: press is regulated by its output/end product
11. negative feedback: the more something is made the less it gets made
12. posotive feedback: the more of something you make the faster it gets made
13. Evolution: The process of change Accounts for the unity and diversity of life
explains evolutionary adaptation (match of organisms to their environment)
14. Natural selection: evolutionary process that occurs when a population is exposed to environmental factors
that consistently cause individuals with certain heritable traits to have greater reproduction success
15. Inductive reasoning: collect data to draw a general conclusion
hypothesis
16. Deductive reasoning: predictions to test hypothesis
,17. controlled experiments: demonstrate effect of one variable by testing control/ experiment groups that
only differ in one variable
18. elements cannot: be broken down chemically
19. compound: 2 or more different elements in a fixed ratio
20. 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
21. An atom is: the smallest unit of an element
22. neutral atoms: number of protons + electrons
, 23. # of protons: atomic #
24. mass #: atomic mass
25. Isotopes: differ from each other in neutron number and therefore mass
unstable isotopes give off particles and energy as radioactivity
26. electrons occupy: specific electron shells
27. electron distribution in shells determines: the chemical behavior of an atom
28. an atm with an incomplete outer shell is: reactive
29. chemical bonds form when: atoms interact and complete their valence shells
30. covalent bonds: share electrons
31. molecules: 2 or more covalently bonded atoms
32. electronegativity: attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
2 of the same atoms= same electronegativity= nonpolar covalant bond
1. hierarchy of life: biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell,
organelle, molecule, atom
2. emergent properties: results from interactions among components at the lower levels
hydrogen & 2 oxygen molecules -> water
3. Reductionism: complex systems being broken down to simpler components that are easier to study
DNA=nucleotides
4. Prokaryotic cells lack: organelles
5. Eukaryotic cells contain: DNA containing nucleus
membrane-enclosed organelles
6. Genetic information: encoded in nucleotide sequences of DNA
DNA sequences = genes
7. gene expression: genes transcribed into mRNA translated proteins
also produces RNA
,8. Producers: convert solar energy into chemical energy
9. Consumers: Consume energy made by producers to do work and is lost as heat
10. Feedback regulation: press is regulated by its output/end product
11. negative feedback: the more something is made the less it gets made
12. posotive feedback: the more of something you make the faster it gets made
13. Evolution: The process of change Accounts for the unity and diversity of life
explains evolutionary adaptation (match of organisms to their environment)
14. Natural selection: evolutionary process that occurs when a population is exposed to environmental factors
that consistently cause individuals with certain heritable traits to have greater reproduction success
15. Inductive reasoning: collect data to draw a general conclusion
hypothesis
16. Deductive reasoning: predictions to test hypothesis
,17. controlled experiments: demonstrate effect of one variable by testing control/ experiment groups that
only differ in one variable
18. elements cannot: be broken down chemically
19. compound: 2 or more different elements in a fixed ratio
20. 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
21. An atom is: the smallest unit of an element
22. neutral atoms: number of protons + electrons
, 23. # of protons: atomic #
24. mass #: atomic mass
25. Isotopes: differ from each other in neutron number and therefore mass
unstable isotopes give off particles and energy as radioactivity
26. electrons occupy: specific electron shells
27. electron distribution in shells determines: the chemical behavior of an atom
28. an atm with an incomplete outer shell is: reactive
29. chemical bonds form when: atoms interact and complete their valence shells
30. covalent bonds: share electrons
31. molecules: 2 or more covalently bonded atoms
32. electronegativity: attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
2 of the same atoms= same electronegativity= nonpolar covalant bond
