Bio 1500 - exam 7
1. describe the likely response of Andean hummingbirds to climate change: hum-
mingbirds likely move to higher elevations; depending on whether they have high or low altitude hemoglobin, they may
be at risk
2. predict which species of Andean hummingbirds have a higher/lower proba-
bility of surviving climate change: - live in high altitude with high alt Hb = less survival because they
are already too high
- live at medium alt with high alt Hb = high survival
- live at medium alt with low alt Hb = low survival
- live at low alt with low alt Hb = low survival
3. describe the structure of viruses: All viruses contain nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA (but not both),
and a protein coat, which encases the nucleic acid
4. recall the features by which viruses are categorized: capsid size and shape, genetic
material, envelope
5. what are the categories of capsid size/shape?: helical, spherical, head-tail
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, 6. what are the types of genetic material categories?: DNA vs RNA; single vs double stranded;
positive vs negative sense
7. what are the types of envelope categories?: presence/absence; lipid bilayer around capsid
8. recall the general steps of viral reproduction: 1. virus attaches to the surface of cell (often via
receptor)
2. injects genetic material or enters cell
3. viral genes directs cell to reproduce viral protein
4. viral proteins assemble into new virions
5. new virions leave the cell
9. describe how a virus attaches to the surface of a cell: viral glycoproteins need to "fit"
receptor on cell; causes specificity of virus for host species and cell type
10. explain how the viral genes direct the cell to produce viral proteins based on
whether the viral genome is DNA or RNA: - DNA: viral genes copied into RNA, then translated into
protein
- RNA: viral genes are . . .
1. directly translated into protein
2/6
1. describe the likely response of Andean hummingbirds to climate change: hum-
mingbirds likely move to higher elevations; depending on whether they have high or low altitude hemoglobin, they may
be at risk
2. predict which species of Andean hummingbirds have a higher/lower proba-
bility of surviving climate change: - live in high altitude with high alt Hb = less survival because they
are already too high
- live at medium alt with high alt Hb = high survival
- live at medium alt with low alt Hb = low survival
- live at low alt with low alt Hb = low survival
3. describe the structure of viruses: All viruses contain nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA (but not both),
and a protein coat, which encases the nucleic acid
4. recall the features by which viruses are categorized: capsid size and shape, genetic
material, envelope
5. what are the categories of capsid size/shape?: helical, spherical, head-tail
1/6
, 6. what are the types of genetic material categories?: DNA vs RNA; single vs double stranded;
positive vs negative sense
7. what are the types of envelope categories?: presence/absence; lipid bilayer around capsid
8. recall the general steps of viral reproduction: 1. virus attaches to the surface of cell (often via
receptor)
2. injects genetic material or enters cell
3. viral genes directs cell to reproduce viral protein
4. viral proteins assemble into new virions
5. new virions leave the cell
9. describe how a virus attaches to the surface of a cell: viral glycoproteins need to "fit"
receptor on cell; causes specificity of virus for host species and cell type
10. explain how the viral genes direct the cell to produce viral proteins based on
whether the viral genome is DNA or RNA: - DNA: viral genes copied into RNA, then translated into
protein
- RNA: viral genes are . . .
1. directly translated into protein
2/6
